islets

GAD65 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells. The predicted molecular weight is 65.4 kDa and the accession number is P48320.

GAD65 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 92.6 kDa and the accession number is Q05329.

GAD65 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & GST) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His and GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 93 kDa and the accession number is P48320.

Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1, also known as Tryptophan 5-monooxygenase 1, Tryptophan hydroxylase 1, TPH1, TPH and TPRH, is an enzyme that belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family. TPH1 contains one ACT domain. Tryptophan hydroxylase catalyzes the biopterin-dependent monooxygenation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HT), which is subsequently decarboxylated to form the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. TPH1 expression is limited to a few specialized tissues: raphe neurons, pinealocytes, mast cells, mononuclear leukocytes, beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans, and intestinal and pancreatic enterochromaffin cells. The tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene is also reported to be associated with suicidal behavior. Polymorphisms of TPH1 may assist in identifying a subgroup of mood disorder patients that is at higher risk for suicidal behavior.

CREB3L1, also known as OASIS, is a cellular transcription factor synthesized as a membrane-bound precursor. It is a putative endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor in astrocytes with a mechanism of activation. OASIS mRNA expression was detected in pancreatic β-cell lines and rodent islets, and the expression level was up-regulated by ER stress-inducing compounds. CREB3L1 may have a role in pancreas development. CREB3L1 may also play an important role in limiting virus spread by inhibiting proliferation of virus-infected cells. In vitro, CREB3L1 binds to box-B element, cAMP response element (CRE) and CRE-like sequences, and activates transcription through box-B element but not through CRE. It may play a role in gliosis.

PPY belongs to the NPY family and is synthesized as a 95 aa polypeptide precursor in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It is cleaved into two peptide products; the active hormone of 36 aa and an icosapeptide of unknown function. The hormone acts as a regulator of pancreatic and gastrointestinal functions and may be important in the regulation of food intake. Plasma level of this hormone has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in anorexia nervosa.

Regenerating gene (Reg), first isolated from a regenerating islet cDNA library, encodes a secretory protein with a growth stimulating effect on pancreatic beta cells. Reg and Reg-related genes which were expressed in various organs have been revealed to constitute a multigene family, the Reg family, which consists of four subtypes (types I, II, III, IV) based on the primary structures of the encoded proteins of the genes, which are associated with tissue repair and have been directly implicated in pancreatic beta-cell regeneration. Reg proteins are expressed in various organs and are involved in cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. They display a typical C-type lectin-like domain but possess additional highly conserved amino acids. Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (REG3G), also known as pancreatitis-associated protein 1B (PAP1B), is a member of the secreted Reg superfamily and contains one typical C-type lectin domain. REG3G is expressed weakly in pancreas, strongly in intestinal tract, but not in hyperplastic islets REG3G might be a stress protein involved in the control of bacterial proliferation. It was indicated that REG3G specifically targets Gram-positive bacteria because it binds to their surface peptidoglycan layer, and serves as one of several antimicrobial peptides produced by paneth cells via stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Secretagogin, also known as SCGN, is a secreted protein that is detectable in human serum after ischemic neuronal damage. It is a recently described calcium-binding protein. Secretagogin / SCGN is expressed at high levels in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and to a much lesser extent in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small intestine and colon), the adrenal medulla and cortex and the thyroid C-cells. In the brain, the expression of Secretagogin / SCGN is restricted to distinct subtypes of neurons with highest expression in the molecular layer of the cerebellum (stellate and basket cells), in the anterior part of the pituitary gland, in the thalamus, in the hypothalamus and in a subgroup of neocortical neurons. Secretagogin / SCGN is widely expressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma as opposed to adenocarcinomas in other organs. The function of Secretagogin / SCGN is unknown, but it has been suggested in beta-cells to influence calcium-influx and has been observed downregulated in diabetes-prone BB rat islets exposed to cytokines. Secretagogin / SCGN is involved in the calcium metabolism of tumour cells and endothelial cells in a subset of neoplasms of the brain and its coverings. Secretagogin / SCGN is also a novel marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.

Glutamate decarboxylase 1, also known as 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, Glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform and GAD1, is a member of thegroup II decarboxylase family. GAD1 is expressed in benign and malignant prostatic tissue and may serve as a highly prostate-specific tissue biomarker. GAD1 isoform3 is expressed in pancreatic islets, testis, adrenal cortex, and perhaps other endocrine tissues, but not in brain. Tissue-specific markers are useful for identification of tumour type in advanced cancers of unknown origin. In plants, as in most eukaryotes, glutamate decarboxylase catalyses the synthesis of GABA. Root-specific calcium/calmodulin-regulated GAD1 plays a major role in GABA synthesis in plants under normal growth conditions and in response to stress. Defects in GAD1 are the cause of cerebral palsy spastic quadriplegic type 1 (CPSQ1)which is a non-progressive disorder of movement and/or posture resulting from defects in the developing central nervous system. Affected individuals manifest symmetrical, non-progressive spasticity and no adverse perinatal history or obvious underlying alternative diagnosis.

Proinflammatory cytokines decreased the expression of CTSH in human islets and primary rat beta-cells, and overexpression of CTSH protected insulin-secreting cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis. Cathepsin H Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 36.62 kDa and the accession number is NP_004381.2.

Proinflammatory cytokines decreased the expression of CTSH in human islets and primary rat beta-cells, and overexpression of CTSH protected insulin-secreting cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis. Cathepsin H Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 36.6 kDa and the accession number is AAA82966.1.

Tyrosine-protein kinase Blk, also known as B lymphocyte kinase, p55-Blk and BLK, is a member of theprotein kinase superfamily, Tyr protein kinase family and SRC subfamily. BLK / p55-Blk is expressed in lymphatic organs, pancreatic islets, Leydig cells, striate ducts of salivary glands and hair follicles. BLK / p55-Blk is a src-family protein tyrosine kinase specifically expressed in B-lineage cells of mice. The early onset of Blk expression during B-cell development in the bone marrow and the high expression levels of Blk in mature B cells suggest a possible important role of Blk in B-cell physiology. It is a modulator of beta-cells function, acting through the up-regulation of PDX1 and NKX6-1 and consequent stimulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose. Defects in BLK are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 11 which is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.

Protein kinase C iota type, also known as Atypical protein kinase C-lambda/iota, aPKC-lambda/iota and PRKCI, is a cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus protein which belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family and PKC subfamily. PRKCI contains one AGC-kinase C-terminal domain, one OPR domain, one phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger and one protein kinase domain. PRKCI is predominantly expressed in lung and brain, but also expressed at lower levels in many tissues including pancreatic islets. It is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancers. PRKCI is a calcium-independent, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific kinase. It may play a role in the secretory response to nutrients. PRKCI is involved in cell polarization processes and the formation of epithelial tight junctions. It is implicated in the activation of several signaling pathways including Ras, c-Src and NF-kappa-B pathways. PRKCI functions in both pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways. It functions in the RAC1/ERK signaling required for transformed growth. PRKCI plays a role in microtubule dynamics through interaction with RAB2A and GAPDH and recruitment to vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs). PRKCI might be a target for novel lipid activators that are elevated during nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion.

Nesfatin-1 is a metabolic polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the precursor protein, Nucleobindin2 (NUCB2). Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic islets β-cells, gastric endocrine cells and adipocytes. Nesfatin-1 suppresses food intake and can regulate energy metabolism in a Leptin independent manner. Nesfatin-1 may also exert hypertensive roles and modulate blood pressure through directly acting on peripheral arterial resistance.

IFN-α, a cytokine expressed in human islets from individuals affected by type 1 diabetes, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes by upregulating inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and MHC class I overexpression, three hallmarks of islet histology in early type 1 diabetes. IFN-alpha 1/IFNA1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.88 kDa and the accession number is P01572.

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7, also known as SET domain containing (lysine methyltransferase) 7, SET7/9, Histone H3-K4 methyltransferase SETD7, H3-K4-HMTase SETD7, and SETD7, is a member of the histone-lysine methyltransferase family and SET7 subfamily. SETD7 is widely expressed and expressed in pancreatic islets. SETD7 contains three MORN repeats and one SET domain. SETD7 plays a central role in the transcriptional activation of genes such as collagenase or insulin. As a protein lysine methyltransferase (PKMT), SETD7 also has methyltransferase activity toward non-histone proteins such as p53/TP53, TAF1, and possibly TAF7 by recognizing and binding in substrate proteins. The mono-methyltransferase activity of SETD7 is achieved by disrupting the formation at near-attack conformations for the dimethylation reaction. SETD7 is also a novel coactivator of NF-kappaB and plays a role in inflammation and diabetes.

Serpins are the largest and most diverse family of serine protease inhibitors which are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as blood coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor suppression and are expressed in a cell-specific manner.Mouse SerpinB8, also known as Cytoplasmic antiproteinase 2, Peptidase inhibitor 8, SerpinB8, PI-8, SERPINB8 and CAP2, is a member of the Serpin superfamily. SERPINB8 was broadly expressed. In normal neuroendocrine tissues, strongest SerpinB8 expression was detected in islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Moderate SerpinB8 expression was observed in neuroendocrine cells of the thyroid, adrenal cortex, colon, and pituitary gland. In the pancreas, SerpinB8 is specifically expressed by insulin-producing beta cells, and can be used as an additional diagnostic immunohistochemical marker. Mouse SerpinB8 distribution alters during kidney regeneration, possibly to control a prohormone convertase involved in inflammation or tissue repair.

Protein Delta Homolog 1 (DLK-1) is a transmembrane protein which contains a signal peptide, an extracellular domain with six tandem epidermai growth factor (EGF)-like domains, a single pass transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. It is found within the stromal cells in close contact to the vascular structure of placental villi, yolk sac, fetal liver, adrenal cortex and pancreas and in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the adult pancreas. In addition, it is detected in some forms of neuroendocrine lung tumor tissue. DLK-1 may have a improtant role in neuroendocrine differentiation.

IFN-α, a cytokine expressed in human islets from individuals affected by type 1 diabetes, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes by upregulating inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and MHC class I overexpression, three hallmarks of islet histology in early type 1 diabetes. IFN-alpha 1/IFNA1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.14 kDa and the accession number is P01562.

Pancreatic derived factor, also known as FAM3B, is an islet-specific secreted cytokine specifically expressed at high levels in the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas. FAM3B protein is present in alpha- and beta- cells of pancreatic islets, insulin-secreting beta-TC3 cells, and glucagon-secreting alpha-TC cells. FAM3B causes apoptosis of beta-cells as assessed by electron microscopy, annexin Ⅴ fluorescent staining, and flow-cytometric terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. FAM3B activated caspase-3 while not affect cytosolic Ca2+levels or nitric oxide levels. Hense, FAM3B may have a role in the process of pancreatic?-cell apoptosis of primary islet and cell lines. FAM3B secretion is regulated by glucose and other insulin secretagogues. This islet-specific secreted cytokine is secreted from both pancreatic alpha- and beta- cells. Glucose stimulates FAM3B secretion dose dependently in beta- cell lines and primary islets but not in alpha-cells. It is likely cosecreted with insulin via the same regulatory mechanisms and structure and conformation is vital for FAM3B secretion.