larvae

Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G)(PA) significantly improves cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increases choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and elevates levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, PA also significantly ameliorates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mice; suggest that PA might exert a significant neuroprotective effect on cognitive impairment, driven in part by the modulation of cholinergic activity and neuroinflammation. Polygalacic acid shows significant postingestive effects on Spodoptera littoralis larvae.

ALPHA-PINENE ((-)-Alpha-Pinene) is a bicyclic monoterpene found in pine trees and other plants, including Cannabis with diverse biological activities [1]. It reduces the growth of a panel of seven Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and eight yeast strains with MIC values of 0.75-1.29, 1.05-1.59, and 0.7-1.17%, respectively [2]. It has insecticidal activity against C. molestus larvae with LC50 values ranging from 47 to 49 mg/L.3 ALPHA-PINENE (100 μg/ml) induces apoptosis, increases anion superoxide production and DNA fragmentation, and activates caspase-3 in B16/F10 melanoma cells [4]. In a B16/F10 mouse xenograft model, ALPHA-PINENE(100 ml of a 10 mg/ml solution) reduces the number of metastatic lung nodules by approximately 7-fold. ALPHA-PINENE(8.6 mg/L, aerosol) also increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze by approximately 2-fold in mice, indicating anxiolytic-like activity [5].

Nimbin is an anti-pyretic, can be used to treat arthritis, hypoglycaemia, peptic ulcers, anti-secretory activity, and it can also be used as an antibiotic. Nimbin requires to elicit a 50% inhibition of this steroid hydroxylase activity in the three insect

Eupatoriochromene retard seed germination , reduced radicle and hypocotyl growth of weed and crop plant seedlings and increased adventitious root formation of mung bean cuttings. Eupatoriochromene has insecticidal activity, it exhibits toxicity againstCul

Ermanin is a flavonoid isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum.Ermanin inhibits platelet aggregation and has anti-tuberculosis and anti-viral bacterial properties.Ermanin has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of iNOS and COX-2.Ermanin may have anti-HIV-1 activity. Ermanin is effective in inhibiting Dione juno larvae at lower concentrations.

Albaspidin AA displays strong antibacterial activity against the vegetative form of P. larvae (MIC ranging from 0.168-220 uM). It may have in vitro nematocidal activity against L4 stage larvae.

N-Methylflindersine (2,2,6-Trimethyl-2H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-one) shows strong toxicity towards brine shrimp larvae, with an LD(50) value of 1.39 microg/ml. It also exhibits potent inhibition against N -formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine-induced superoxide production with IC(50) values less than 12 microM.

Ascr#7, an ascaroside-based hormonal compound, plays a significant role in nematode physiology. It is specifically expressed throughout the various stages of nematode development. Notably, ascarosides exhibit the capability to initiate the formation of dauer larvae, which are characterized by their long lifespan and exceptional stress resistance.

Chasmanine, hypaconitine, and deoxyaconitine are anti-inflammatory pharmacodynamic components in Heishunpian (HSP) with positive relations with HSP efficacy. Chasmanine has insecticidal activities against larvae of Bradysia odoriphaga Yan et Zhang.

Aspergillimide is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from A. japonicus.1 It reduces nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) peak and slowly-desensitizing amplitudes induced by acetylcholine in silkworm (B. mori) larval neurons (IC50s = 20.2 and 39.6 nM, respectively) but has no effect on chicken α3β4-, α4β2-, and α7-containing nAChRs.2 Dietary administration of aspergillimide A (10 μg/g of diet) induces paralysis in silkworm fourth instar larvae.1 Aspergillimide A (10 and 20 mg/kg) reduces T. colubriformis fecal egg count in gerbils.3References1. Hayashi, H., Nishimoto, Y., Akiyama, K., et al. New paralytic alkaloids, asperparalines A, B and C, from Aspergillus japonicus JV-23. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64(1), 111-115 (2000).2. Hirata, K., Kataoka, S., Furutani, S., et al. A fungal metabolite asperparaline a strongly and selectively blocks insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: The first report on the mode of action. PLoS One 6(4), e18354 (2011).3. Banks, R.M., Blanchflower, S.E., Everett, J.R., et al. Novel anthelmintic metabolites from an Aspergillus species; the aspergillimides. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 50(10), 840-846 (1997). Aspergillimide is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from A. japonicus.1 It reduces nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) peak and slowly-desensitizing amplitudes induced by acetylcholine in silkworm (B. mori) larval neurons (IC50s = 20.2 and 39.6 nM, respectively) but has no effect on chicken α3β4-, α4β2-, and α7-containing nAChRs.2 Dietary administration of aspergillimide A (10 μg/g of diet) induces paralysis in silkworm fourth instar larvae.1 Aspergillimide A (10 and 20 mg/kg) reduces T. colubriformis fecal egg count in gerbils.3 References1. Hayashi, H., Nishimoto, Y., Akiyama, K., et al. New paralytic alkaloids, asperparalines A, B and C, from Aspergillus japonicus JV-23. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64(1), 111-115 (2000).2. Hirata, K., Kataoka, S., Furutani, S., et al. A fungal metabolite asperparaline a strongly and selectively blocks insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: The first report on the mode of action. PLoS One 6(4), e18354 (2011).3. Banks, R.M., Blanchflower, S.E., Everett, J.R., et al. Novel anthelmintic metabolites from an Aspergillus species; the aspergillimides. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 50(10), 840-846 (1997).

Ganodermacetal, a highly oxidized lanostane triterpene isolated from G. amboinense, exhibits significant toxicity to brine shrimp larvae [1].

Gluconasturtiin acts as a feeding stimulant for P. maculipennis larvae, however, at elevated concentrations, it becomes toxic [1].

Antibiotic PF 1052 is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Phoma.1,2 It is active against S. aureus, S. parvulus, and C. perfringens (MICs = 3.13, 0.78, and 0.39 μg/ml, respectively), among others.1 It inhibits neutrophil migration in a wound assay using zebrafish larvae expressing GFP-labeled neutrophils, reducing pseudopodia formation and inducing rounding of neutrophils.2 Antibiotic PF 1052 is selective for neutrophil migration over macrophage migration in zebrafish larvae. It also inhibits the migration of murine neutrophils when used at concentrations of 10 and 20 μM.References Antibiotic PF 1052 is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Phoma.1,2 It is active against S. aureus, S. parvulus, and C. perfringens (MICs = 3.13, 0.78, and 0.39 μg/ml, respectively), among others.1 It inhibits neutrophil migration in a wound assay using zebrafish larvae expressing GFP-labeled neutrophils, reducing pseudopodia formation and inducing rounding of neutrophils.2 Antibiotic PF 1052 is selective for neutrophil migration over macrophage migration in zebrafish larvae. It also inhibits the migration of murine neutrophils when used at concentrations of 10 and 20 μM. References

Leocarpinolide F, a sesquiterpenoid naturally derived from Siegesbeckia orientalis [1], exhibits an ability to inhibit (anti-feedant) and demonstrates significant insecticidal activity (toxicity) against plant herbivore pests such as Spodoptera littoralis larvae.

Fumitremorgen B is a mycotoxin, it exhibits a certain degree of genotoxicity, it can cause DNA damage in human lymphocytes; it shows an inhibitory activity on the cell cycle progression of mouse tsFT210 cells in the M phase, with the MIC value of 26.1 mic

Cinnzeylanol and Cinnzeylanine can kill larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. at a dose of 16 ppm and inhibit larval ecdysis at 2~4 ppm.

Burchellin has larvicidal activity, it can interfer with the development cycle of the mosquito, where its strongest toxic effect is 100% mortality in larvae (L3) at concentrations ‰¥ 30 ppm. Burchellin and licarin A have activity against Trypanosoma cruzi

piperitone is a natural compound from Piper nigrum L

Allamandicin shows antifeedant and insecticidal activities against fifth instar larvae of Pieris rapae larvae , the AFC50 value is 0.045 mg/mL after 48 hours.

Neoprocurcumenol exerts significant toxicity on mosquito larvae.

Odoratone shows insecticidal activities, it shows mortality on fourth instar larvae of mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi) with LC(50) values of 154 ppm. Odoratone exhibits strong antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae.

Glycosolone shows some toxicity on mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus).

Aeschna defensin is an antimicrobial peptide sourced from the hemolymph of aquatic dragonfly larvae, exhibiting potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria [1].

Wilfordine is an insecticidally active alkaloid, Na+-K+-ATPase may be an acting target of wilfordine against some larvae of insect.

Cyromazine (CGA-72662) is an ectoparasiticide. Insect growth regulator. Specific activity against dipterous larvae. Cyromazine is a fda approved for use in livestock.

5,6,7-Trimethoxycoumarin shows moderate inhibitory activity against Micrococcus luteus, it also displays an intermediate cytotoxic effects against brine shrimp larvae. 5,6,7-Trimethoxycoumarin can improve gastroprotective effects, and it has low toxicity

(+)-δ-Cadinene is a sesquiterpene from G. hirsutum with antibacterial, insecticidal, anticancer and antiproliferative activities. It showed a MIC value of 31.25 μg/ml against S. pneumoniae and LC50s values of 8.23, 9. 2 and 3 against third instar larvae of A. stephensi, A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatust, respectively.(+)-δ-Cadinene (10, 50 and 100 μM) induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cells apoptosis and inhibited their proliferation.

Neocnidilide is an alkyl phthalate derived from Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong with the ability to inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi and to kill insects.The LC50 value of Neocnidilide against D. melanogaster larvae was 9.9 μmol mL.It enhances the skin penetration of benzoic acid.The LC50 value of Neocnidilide against D. melanogaster larvae was 9.9 μmol mL.It enhances the skin penetration of benzoic acid.

(E)-β-Farnesene (trans-β-Farnesene) is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon present in Phlomis aurea Decne and is the main component of many aphid alarm pheromones that interrupt aphid feeding. (E)-β-Farnesene impairs development and survival of Chilo suppressalis larvae by disrupting insect hormone balance.

Albendazole (SKF-62979) is used as a drug indicated for the treatment of a variety of worm infestations.