non-hydroxy

Galactosylcerebrosides are glycosphingolipids that contain a galactose attached to a ceramide acylated with a hydroxy or non-hydroxy fatty acid. They are metabolic precursors to sulfatides , found primarily in nerve tissues, and are the main glycosphingolipids in the central nervous system. Galactosylcerebrosides are involved in a multitude of cellular processes including cell agglutination, cellular signaling in glycosynapses, cellular development, and activation of T cells. They accumulate in globoid cells in the brain of patients with Krabbe disease, a disorder characterized by a deficiency in galactosylcerebrosidase activity. This product is a mixture of isolated bovine non-hydroxy galactosylcerebrosides.

GSK256073 is an orally active GPR109A agonist. GSK256073 also is a long-lasting and non-flushing HCA2 (hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2) full agonist (pEC50: 7.5). GSK256073 acutely improves glucose homeostasis via inhibition of lipolysis.

3-Hydroxy-2-(palmitoyloxy)propyl stearate is a non-volatile compound isolated from the less polar fractions of the brown macroalga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh. It exhibits significant free radical scavenging activity and imparts protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos [1].

N-Boc-cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline methyl ester serves as a non-cleavable linker in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) synthesis and functions as an alkyl chain-based PROTAC linker for PROTAC construction[2].

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

8-hydroxy Efavirenz is a major oxidative metabolite of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz . 8-hydroxy Efavirenz is formed when efavirenz is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2B6. It induces apoptosis in rat primary hippocampal neurons and loss of dendritic spines in rat primary hippocampal neuronal cultures when used at a concentration of 0.01 μM.

6-Hydroxy Etodolac, a metabolite of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and COX inhibitor etodolac, causes false positives in diazo diagnostic tests for urinary bilirubin.

Hydroxy-PEG1-acid is a non-cleavable 1-unit polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker utilized for the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)[1].

Hydroxy-PEG4-acid is a non-cleavable 4 unit PEG ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)[1].

Ceramides Mixture, an endogenous ceramide, consists of hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acid-containing ceramides. It is involved in the regulation of cell cycle arrest, growth inhibition, and modulation of telomerase activity.

Bupranolol is a non-selective beta blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), but with strong membrane stabilizing activity. Its potency is similar to propranolol. Bupranolol is quickly and completely absorbed from the gut. Over 90% undergo first-pass metabolism. Bupranolol has a plasma half life of about two to four hours, with levels never reaching 1 µg/l in therapeutic doses. The main metabolite is carboxybupranolol, 4-chloro-3-[3-(1,1-dimethylethylamino)-2-hydroxy-propyloxy]benzoic acid – that is, the methyl group at the benzene ring is oxidized to a carboxyl group –, of which 88% are eliminated renally within 24 hours.

7-Biopterin is a 7-substituted pterin.1It is formed by non-enzymatic rearrangement of 4a-hydroxy-tetrahydropterin in the absence of pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD)in vitroand levels are elevated in the urine of hyperphenylalaninemia patients carrying heterozygous mutations in the PCBD gene encoding PCD.1,2

8-iso Prostaglandin F2β (8-iso PGF2β) is an isomer of PGF2α of non-enzymatic origin. It is one of 64 possible isomers of PGF2α which can be produced by free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid. 8-iso PGF2β exhibits very weak contraction of human umbilical vein artery and does not promote aggregation of human whole blood. However, 8-iso PGF2β moderately contracts both the canine and porcine pulmonary vein, although the effect is much weaker than that exhibited by other isoprostanes such as 8-iso PGE1, 8-iso PGE2, or 8-iso PGF2α. 8-iso-15-keto PGF2β is a potential metabolite of 8-iso PGF2β via the 15-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase pathway. There are no published reports on the formation or biological activity of 8-iso-15-keto PGF2β.

Galactosylcerebrosides are glycosphingolipids that contain a galactose attached to a ceramide acylated with a hydroxy or non-hydroxy fatty acid. They are metabolic precursors to sulfatides , found primarily in nerve tissues, and are the main glycosphingolipids in the central nervous system. Galactosylcerebrosides are involved in a multitude of cellular processes including cell agglutination, cellular signaling in glycosynapses, cellular development, and activation of T cells. They accumulate in globoid cells in the brain of patients with Krabbe disease, a disorder characterized by a deficiency in galactosylcerebrosidase activity. This product is a mixture of isolated bovine hydroxy galactosylcerebrosides.

3-hydroxy Myristic acid methyl ester is a hydroxylated fatty acid methyl ester that has been found in E. camaldulensis and E. torelliana extracts. [1] It is active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 49.5 μg/ml) and is non-cytotoxic to Vero cells (IC50 = >100 μM). 3-hydroxy Myristic acid methyl ester is also a volatile compound that contributes to the aroma of red wild strawberries (F. pentaphylla) but is not present in cultivated strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa).[2] Reference：[1]. Lawal, T.O., Adeniyi, B.A., Adegoke, A.O., et al. In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus torelliana and isolated compounds. Pharm. Biol. 50(1), 92-98 (2012).[2]. Duan, W., Sun, P., Chen, L., et al. Comparative analysis of fruit volatiles and related gene expression between the wild strawberry Fragaria pentaphylla and cultivated Fragaria × ananassa. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 244(1), 57-72 (2018).

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are Ca2+ permeable ligand-gated channels of the central nervous system that are activated after binding of the co-agonists glutamate and glycine. CAY10608 is a propanolamine that potently, selectively, and non-competitively antagonizes the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors (IC50 = 50 nM). It does not inhibit NR1, NR2A, NR2C, and NR2D subunits and has no significant effects on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropioinic acid (AMPA) or kainate receptors. CAY10608 is neuroprotective, since it prevents NMDA-triggered release of lactate dehydrogenase from cultured cortical neurons. Also, CAY10608, when administered intraperitoneally, reduces brain infarct volume resulting from transient ischemia via carotid artery occlusion.

(±)8-HEPE is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of EPA. It contains equal amounts of 8(S)-HEPE and 8(R)-HEPE. The ability of (±)8-HEPE to induce hatching of E. modestus and B. balanoides eggs is probably due to the presence of the 8(R) isomer within the racemic mixture.[1][2] Reference：[1]. Shing, T.K.M., Gibson, K.H., Wiley, J.R., et al. First total synthesis of a barnacle hatching factor 8(R)-hydroxy-eicosa-5(Z),9(E),11(Z)-pentaenoic acid. Tetrahedron Letters 35, 1067-1070 (1994).[2]. Hill, E.M., and Holland, D.L. Identification and egg hatching activity of monohydroxy fatty acid eicosanoids in the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B.Biological Sciences 247, 41-46 (1991).

Dendrogenin A (DDA) is a compound acting as a selective liver X receptor (LXR) modulator, cholesterol epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (Ki = 120 nM), and a metabolic product of cholesterol, originating from 5,6α-epoxy cholesterol through histamine conjugation via DDA synthase. This compound is present in non-cancerous human mammary epithelial cells and melanocytes, but absent or minimally present in various breast carcinoma, melanoma cells, and isolated human breast tumor tissues. DDA impedes the activation of LXRβ and LXRα induced by 22(R)-hydroxy cholesterol (IC50s = 76 and 362 nM, respectively), yet it also functions as a partial LXR agonist, boosting the protein levels of Nur77, NOR-1, LC3-I, and LC3-II in B16/F10 murine melanoma cells. It shows a preference for LXRα and LXRβ modulation while displaying selectivity over other receptors including pregnane X receptor (PXR), and various others at a concentration of 2.5 µM. Moreover, DDA enhances LC3-II protein levels in cancer cells and prompts autophagic cell death at specific concentrations. Notably, DDA (0.37 µg/kg) has been shown to diminish tumor growth in melanoma and mammary cancer murine models and promotes cancer cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo.

7-Hydroxy Etodolac, an inactive metabolite of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and COX inhibitor etodolac, serves no active function in the drug's pharmacological effects.

5-hydroxy Diclofenac is a metabolite of the NSAID diclofenac formed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A4. Diclofenac is a non-selective COX inhibitor. It inhibits human COX-1 and -2 with IC50 values of 0.9-2.7 and 1.5-20 μM, respectively. Diclofenac inhibits ovine COX-1 and -2 with IC50 values of 60 and 220 nM, respectively.

3,3'-((2-Chlorophenyl)methylene)bis(4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one) is a non-nucleotide inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1; Ki = 50 μM).1,2 It also inhibits urease (IC50 = 84.53 μM for the Jack bean enzyme).3 |1. Choudhary, M.I., Fatima, N., Khan, K.M., et al. New biscoumarin derivatives-cytotoxicity and enzyme inhibitory activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14(23), 8066-8072 (2006).|2. Onyedibe, K.I., Wang, M., and Sintim, H.O. ENPP1, an old enzyme with new functions, and small molecule inhibitors - A STING in the tale of ENPP1. Molecules 24(22), E4192 (2019).|3. Khan, K.M., Iqbal, S., Lodhi, M.A., et al. Biscoumarin: New class of urease inhibitors; economical synthesis and activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12(8), 1963-1968 (2004).

Hydroxy-α-sanshool is an alkyl amide isolated from the pepper. It acts as a TRPA1 covalent and TRPV1 non-covalent agonist (EC50s: 69 and 1.1 μM).

1-Palmitoyl-2-12-PAHSA-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol, an endogenous triacylglycerol, comprises palmitic acid (at the sn-1 position), the fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), 12-PAHSA (at the sn-2 position), and oleic acid (at the sn-3 position). Identified in the lipid extract of mouse adipose tissue, this triacylglycerol demonstrates that levels of FAHFA-containing triacylglycerols are over 100-fold higher than those of non-esterified FAHFAs, suggesting their role as intracellular storage reservoirs for FAHFAs.

(S)-3'-hydroxy-Blebbistatin is a more stable and less phototoxic derivative of (–)-blebbistatin, retaining the latter's properties as a selective, cell-permeable inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II ATPases. Unlike its predecessor, (S)-3'-hydroxy-Blebbistatin exhibits reduced fluorescence, improving its utility in live cell imaging applications by diminishing degradation into cytotoxic intermediates under blue light exposure (450-490 nm). It effectively inhibits the Mg-ATPase activity and in vitro motility of non-muscle myosin IIA and IIB across various species with IC50 values ranging from 0.5-5 µM and shows minimal inhibition against smooth muscle myosin with an IC50 of 80 µM. This compound plays a critical role in preventing apoptosis-related bleb formation, directed cell migration, and cytokinesis in vertebrate cells, mirroring the active (–)-blebbistatin enantiomer in mechanism and efficacy.

L-m-Tyrosine (3-Hydroxy-L-Phenylalanine) is a non-natural amino acid. L-(-)-m-Tyrosine displays the potential in treating Parkinson's disease, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease.

8-iso PGF1α is an isoprostane that was first identified in human semen. It is a member of the isoprostane family, which are eicosanoids of non-cyclooxygenase origin. 8-iso PGF1α is present along with its 19-hydroxy congener at 5-10 μg/ml of seminal plasma.