Ophthalmic acid is a glutathione analog in which cysteine is substituted by L-aminobutyrate.

Hyaluronidase (Hyaluronate 4-glycanohydrolase), a naturally occurring enzyme, depolymerizes hyaluronic acid through glycosidic bond cleavage and is utilized in ophthalmic surgery.

Ketorolac (Acuvail) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivatives. It acts by inhibiting the bodily synthesis of prostaglandins.

Triparanol (NSC-65345) interferes with posttranslational modification of Hedgehog signaling molecules as well as the sterol sensing domain of its receptor PTCH1, leading to down-regulation of Hedgehog signaling. Triparanol suppresses human tumor growth and is an antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity.

Acetylcholine Chloride is the chloride salt form of acetylcholine, a synthetic, quaternary amino alcohol with cholinergic properties. Acetylcholine chloride (Pilofrin) mimics the parasympathomimetic effect of the endogenous compound acetylcholine. Administered as an ophthalmic solution, this drug stimulates the cholinoceptors in the sphincter muscle of the iris, causing the pupil to constrict.

Atropine methyl bromide (Methylatropine bromide) is a quaternary ammonium salt of atropine, characterized as a muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist. It functions as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil during ophthalmic examination. Compared to atropine, it demonstrates reduced penetration into the central nervous system[1][2]. Its high polarity makes it particularly effective in relieving pyloric spasm in infants.

N-Acetylcarnosine acetate (N-Acetyl-L-carnosine acetate), a natural histidine-containing dipeptide, is a source of pharmacological principal L-carnosine. N-Acetylcarnosine is a potent ophthalmic drug in human cataracts

Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (Murine Plus) is an imidazoline derivative with alpha receptor agonist activity.

Fluorometholone (Fluoromethalone) is a corticosteroid, most often used after laser-based refractive surgery. It is marketed under the brand names FML (Allergan) and Flarex (Alcon). Fluorometholone acetate ophthalmic suspension is indicated for use in the treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior segment of the eye.

Polyquaternium-1 (PQ-1) exerts strong bacteriostasis and little eye irritation and can be used as a polycationic ophthalmic preservative. Polyquaternium-1 inhibits the growth of microbial contaminants in multi-dose bottles of topical medications.

Ketorolac (RS37619) hemicalcium is a nonselective COX inhibitor with IC50s of 20 nM and 120 nM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Ketorolac hemicalcium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used as 0.5% ophthalmic solution for the research of allergic conjunctivitis, cystoid macular edema, intraoperative miosis, and postoperative ocular inflammation and pain. Ketorolac hemicalcium is also a DDX3 inhibitor that can be used in cancer research [1] [4].

Tetrahydrozoline (Tetryzoline), an alpha agonist, have an effect on the constriction of conjunctival blood vessels. This contributes to relieve the redness of the eye resulted from minor ocular irritants.

BIZ 114 potently inhibits the TNF-α activated NF-κΒ pathway. BIZ 114 has the potential to prevent and/or treat ophthalmic disorders.

Bromfenac sodium hydrate (Bromfenac monosodium salt sesquihydrate) is the sodium salt form of bromfenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon ophthalmic administration, bromfenac binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase II (COX II), an enzyme which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins (PG). By inhibiting PG formation, bromfenac is able to inhibit PG-induced inflammation, thereby preventing vasodilation, leukocytosis, disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, an increase in vascular permeability and an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP).

Zenidolol (ICI-118551), a selective β2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, demonstrates inhibition of β2-, β1-, and β3-adrenergic receptors with K i values of 0.7, 49.5, and 611 nM, respectively. It is employed as an ocular hypotensive agent in ophthalmic disease research.

Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide local anaesthetic drug belonging to the family of n-alkylsubstituted pipecoloxylidide. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Chirocaine. Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 per cent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine.Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when it is administered correctly. Most ADRs relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, however allergic reactions can rarely occur.

Ciamexon (Ciamexone) is a novel immunomodulator that has shown promising results in experimental models of autoimmune disease with little demonstrated cytotoxicity.Ciamexon can be used to study endocrine ophthalmopathies and diabetes mellitus, with slight improvement in ophthalmic disease following short-term administration.

Aftobetin, also known as ANCA11 and NCE-11, is a novel amyloid–binding compound applied topically in the form of an ophthalmic ointment. Aftobetin may be of useful as an aid in the diagnosis Alzheimer's disease.

Loteprednol etabonate (Lotemax) is an ophthalmic analog of the corticosteroid prednisolone with anti-inflammatory activity.

Dipivefrin hydrochloride (Dipivefrin HCl) that is available as an ophthalmic solution is a prodrug of adrenaline, which is used to treat glaucoma.

Latanoprostene bunod (LBN) is nitric oxide (NO)-donating prostaglandin F2a analog and is a topical ophthalmic therapeutic. It is used for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT).

N-Acetylcarnosine (N-Acetyl-L-carnosine) is thought to be able to combat some of the effects of oxidative stress as it has anti-oxidant properties.

Apraclonidine (ALO 2145) is a selective α2 and weak α1 receptor agonist that effectively lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) in human eyes. Apraclonidine is a topical ophthalmic solution [1] [2].