trafficking

TMED10 disrupts the complex formation between TGF-beta type I (also termed ALK5) and type II receptors (TbetaRII). Misexpression studies revealed that TMED10 attenuated TGF-beta-mediated signaling. A 20-amino acid-long region from Thr(91) to Glu(110) within the extracellular region of TMED10 was found to be crucial for TMED10 interaction with both ALK5 and TbetaRII. Synthetic peptides corresponding to this region inhibit both TGF-beta-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and Smad-dependent transcriptional reporter activity. In a xenograft cancer model, where previously TGF-beta was shown to elicit tumor-promoting effects, gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies for TMED10 revealed a decrease and increase in the tumor size, respectively. That TMED10 expression levels are the key determinant for efficiency of TGF-beta receptor complex formation and signaling.

TMED9 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.8 kDa and the accession number is A0A024R7M0.

TMED9 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.8 kDa and the accession number is A0A024R7M0.

FKBP4 act as a regulator of microtubule dynamics by inhibiting MAPT/TAU ability to promote microtubule assembly. FKBP4 may play a role in the intracellular trafficking of heterooligomeric forms of steroid hormone receptors between cytoplasm and nuclear compartments, it also may have a protective role against oxidative stress in mitochondria. The isomerase activity controls neuronal growth cones via regulation of TRPC1 channel opening.

Copine-1(CPNE1) encodes a calcium-dependent protein which belongs to the copine family. CPNE1contains two N-terminal type II C2 domains and an integrin A domain-like sequence in the C-terminus. However, CPNE1 does not contain a predicted signal sequence or transmembrane domains. CPNE1 may regulate molecular events at the interface of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. CPNE1 has a broad tissue distribution and it may function in membrane trafficking.

Mouse C-X-C motif chemokine 15, also known as Cxcl15, is a secreted protein which is member of the ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines. It expressed at low levels in fetal lung, the expression restricted to the lung, produced by bronchoepithelial cells and is released into the airways. It plays an important role in lung-specific neutrophil trafficking during normal and inflammatory conditions. It also appears chemotactic for neutrophils.

ANGPTL3 is a secreted glycoprotein that is structurally related to the angiopoietins. Mature human ANGPTL3 contains an N-terminal coiled coil domain and a C‑terminal fibrinogen-like domain. ANGPTL3 is expressed in the liver from early in development through adulthood. Acts in part as a hepatokine that is involved in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Proposed to play a role in the trafficking of energy substrates to either storage or oxidative tissues in response to food intake. ANGPTL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9Y5C1.

CD1 proteins are a family of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like antigen-presenting molecules that present lipids to T cells. The cytoplasmic tails (CTs) of all human CD1 isoforms, with the exception of CD1a, contain tyrosine-based sorting motifs, responsible for the internalization of proteins by the clathrin-mediated pathway. CD1a closer to MHC class I in its trafficking and potential antigen-loading compartments among CD1 isoforms.

Deubiquitinase with an ATP-independent isopeptidase activity, cleaving at the C-terminus of the ubiquitin moiety. Catalyzes its own deubiquitination. In vitro, isoform 2, but not isoform 3, shows deubiquitinating activity. Promotes plasma membrane localization of ARF6 and selectively regulates ARF6-dependent endocytic protein trafficking. Is able to initiate tumorigenesis by inducing the production of matrix metalloproteinases following NF-kappa-B activation.

Plays a central role in autophagy. Acts as core subunit of different PI3K complex forms that mediate formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and are believed to play a role in multiple membrane trafficking pathways: PI3KC3-C1 is involved in initiation of autophagosomes and PI3KC3-C2 in maturation of autophagosomes and endocytosis. Involved in regulation of degradative endocytic trafficking and required for the abcission step in cytokinesis, probably in the context of PI3KC3-C2. Essential for the formation of PI3KC3-C2 but not PI3KC3-C1 PI3K complex forms. Involved in endocytosis including endosome formation in neuronal cells. May play a role in antiviral host defense.; Beclin-1-C 35 kDa localized to mitochondria can promote apoptosis; it induces the mitochondrial translocation of BAX and the release of proapoptotic factors.

Isoform VP2 is a structural protein that resides within the core of the capsid surrounded by 72 VP1 pentamers. Participates in host cell receptor binding together with VP1. Following virus endocytosis and trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum, VP2 and VP3 form oligomers and integrate into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Heterooligomer VP2-VP3 may create a viroporin for transporting the viral genome across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytoplasm. Nuclear entry of the viral DNA involves the selective exposure and importin recognition of VP2 or Vp3 nuclear localization signal (shared C-terminus). Plays a role in virion assembly within the nucleus in particular through a DNA-binding domain located in the C-terminal region. A N-terminal myristoylation suggests a scaffold function for virion assembly.; structural protein that resides within the core of the capsid surrounded by 72 VP1 pentamers. Following virus endocytosis and trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum, VP2 and VP3 form oligomers and integrate into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Heterooligomer VP2-VP3 may create a viroporin for transporting the viral genome across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytoplasm. Nuclear entry of the viral DNA involves the selective exposure and importin recognition of VP2 or Vp3 nuclear localization signal (shared C-terminus). Isoform VP3 plays a role in virion assembly within the nucleus. May participate in host cell lysis when associated with VP4.; Isoform VP4 is a viroporin inducing perforation of cellular membranes to trigger virus progeny release. Forms pores of 3 nm inner diameter. VP4 is expressed about 24 hours after the late structural proteins and is not incorporated into the mature virion.

TMED4, also known as ERS25, belongs to the EMP24/GP25L family. TMED4 may play a role in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. It is involved in vesicular protein trafficking, mainly in the early secretory pathway. TMED4 may also play a role in the biosynthesis of secreted cargo including processing. It functions in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. TMED4 also is involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response. TMED4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.6 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z7H5-1.

acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A, also known as acidic nuclear phosphoprotein pp32, Leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein, Mapmodulin, Potent heat-stable protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor I1PP2A, Putative HLA-DR-associated protein I, PHAPI and ANP32A, is a nucleus, cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum. ANP32A / LANP is expressed in all tissues tested. It is highly expressed in kidney and skeletal muscle, moderate levels of expression is in brain, placenta and pancreas. ANP32A / LANP is weakly expressed in lung. It is found in all regions of the brain examined (amygdala, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, hippocampus and thalamus), with highest levels in amygdala. ANP32A / LANP is a component of the SET complex, which also contains SET, APEX1, HMGB2 and NME1. It directly interacts with SET. ANP32A / LANP also interacts with ATXN1/SCA1. ANP32A / LANP is implicated in a number of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis, suppression of transformation (tumor suppressor), inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A, regulation of mRNA trafficking and stability in association with ELAVL1, and inhibition of acetyltransferases as part of the INHAT (inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases) complex. ANP32A / LANP plays a role in E4F1-mediated transcriptional repression.

ARF3, also known as ADP-ribosylation factor 3, belongs to the RAS superfamily. Members of this family include ARF1, ARF2, ARF3, ARF4, ARF5 and ARF6. ARF3 gene is a member of the human ARF gene family. These genes encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and play a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. ARF3 functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. It is involved in protein trafficking and may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.

TMED4, also known as ERS25, belongs to the EMP24/GP25L family. TMED4 may play a role in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. It is involved in vesicular protein trafficking, mainly in the early secretory pathway. TMED4 may also play a role in the biosynthesis of secreted cargo including processing. It functions in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. TMED4 also is involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response. TMED4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.7 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z7H5-1.

Synapse-associated protein 1 (SYAP1), also known as PRO3113 and BSTA, belongs to the synapse-associated BSD domain family, featuring three α-helices and two conserved tryptophan and phenylalanine residues located at the C-terminus. Expressed near neuronal Golgi and synaptic regions of cerebellar Purkinje cells, SYAP1 has been linked to intact sensorimotor control and general vesicular trafficking in neurons. SYAP1-deficient mice display impaired locomotor activity. In cultured adipocytes, SYAP1 facilitates mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of protein kinase Akt1 and adipocyte differentiation. Chromosomal band Xp22.2 houses the human SYAP1 gene, a region associated with developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. SYAP 1 may be a target for future cancer therapies as it was induced by tamoxifen in breast cancer cells sensitive to tamoxifen growth inhibition.

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP2(FKBP2 for short), also named 13 kDa FK506-binding protein, FK506-binding protein 2, Immunophilin FKBP13, Rotamase, is a endoplasmic reticulum peripheral membrane protein. It contains 1 PPIase FKBP-type domain and belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family, FKBP2 subfamily which takes part in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBP2 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP2 functions as an ER chaperone and as a component of membrane cytoskeletal scaffolds.

MOB-Like Protein Phocein is a member of the MOB1/Phocein Family. MOB-Like Protein Phocein is associated with membranes and the Golgi stacks. It is present in the cytosol, where it behaves as a protein complex. It has been shown that MOB-Like Protein Phocein interacts with DNM1, EPS15 and Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase. MOB-Like Protein Phocein is the major partner of Striatin Family members and may play a important role in membrane trafficking, specifically in membrane budding reactions.

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has long been studied as an adhesion molecule involved in immune cell trafficking and is recognized as a regulator of many facets of immune responses by myeloid cells. PSGL-1 also regulates T cell migration during homeostasis and inflammatory settings. PSGL-1/CD162 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.74 kDa and the accession number is Q62170.

C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10), or interferon-inducible protein-10, is a small chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. Its members are responsible for leukocyte trafficking and act on tissue cells, like endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. CXCL10 is secreted by leukocytes and tissue cells and functions as a chemoattractant, mainly for lymphocytes.

Syntaxin-6 (STX6) is a single-pass type IV membrane protein, which belongs to the Syntaxin family. STX6 is mainly localized in the plasma membrane. STX6 contains one t-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain and involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking. When STX6 function is inhibited, internalization through caveolae is dramaticaliy reduced, whereas other endocytic mechanisms are unaffected. It is reported that STX6 is necessary for proper expression of focal adhesion kinase and integrin alpha5 adhesion receptor.

Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Hyaluronic Acid Receptor 1 is a single-pass type I membrane protein. LYVE-1 is a CD44 homolog found primarily on lymphatic endothelial cells 1. LYVE-1 mainly expressed in endothelial cells lining lymphatic vessels. While LYVE-1 functions is a Ligand-specific transporter trafficking between intracellular organelles (TGN) and the plasma membrane. LYVE-1 plays a role in autocrine regulation of cell growth mediated by growth regulators containing cell surface retention sequence binding (CRS). It may act as an hyaluronan (HA) transporter, either mediating its uptake for catabolism within lymphatic endothelial cells themselves, or its transport into the lumen of afferent lymphatic vessels for subsequent re-uptake and degradation in lymph nodes.

CD79B (also known as B29, Ig beta and B cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein beta-chain) is a 36-40 kDa member of the Ig-Superfamily. It is required in cooperation with CD79A for initiation of the signal transduction cascade activated by the B-cell antigen receptor complex (BCR) which leads to internalization of the complex, trafficking to late endosomes and antigen presentation. Enhances phosphorylation of CD79A, possibly by recruiting kinases which phosphorylate CD79A or by recruiting proteins which bind to CD79A and protect it from dephosphorylation.

Plays a role in cytoplasmic trafficking of RNA. Binds to the cis-acting response element, A2RE. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. HNRNPA3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.6 kDa and the accession number is P51991.

Calcium sensor that participates in triggering neurotransmitter release at the synapse. May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone. A Ca(2+)-dependent interaction between synaptotagmin and putative receptors for activated protein kinase C has also been reported. It can bind to at least three additional proteins in a Ca(2+)-independent manner; these are neurexins, syntaxin and AP2. Plays a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes.

Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. Substrates include SYT11 and VDAC1. Other substrates are BCL2, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746, MIRO1 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, by acting downstream of PINK1 to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components. Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Activation and recruitment onto the outer membrane of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria (OMM) requires PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of both PRKN and ubiquitin. After mitochondrial damage, functions with PINK1 to mediate the decision between mitophagy or preventing apoptosis by inducing either the poly- or monoubiquitination of VDAC1, respectively; polyubiquitination of VDAC1 promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination of VDAC1 decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis. When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1 and USP30. Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to mitophagy. The PINK1-PRKN pathway also promotes fission of damaged mitochondria by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation which promotes the PRKN-dependent degradation of mitochondrial proteins involved in fission such as MFN2. This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the mitochondrial network or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes. Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MIRO1 and MIRO2; in motor neurons, this likely inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria undergoing mitophagy in the soma. Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of transcriptional repressor ZNF746/PARIS which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor PPARGC1A. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress. Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.

Vascular non-inflammatory molecule 2, also known as glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein GPI-8, Vanin-2, Protein FOAP-4 and VNN2, is a cell membrane protein that belongs to the CN hydrolase family and Vanin subfamily. VNN2 is widely expressed with higher expression in spleen and blood. VNN2 is a member of the vanin family of proteins which share extensive sequence similarity with each other, and also with biotinidase. The family includes secreted and membrane-associated proteins, a few of which have been reported to participate in hematopoietic cell trafficking. No biotinidase activity has been demonstrated for any of the vanin proteins, however, they possess pantetheinase activity, which may play a role in oxidative-stress response. VNN2 is an amidohydrolase that hydrolyzes specifically one of the carboamide linkages in D-pantetheine thus recycling pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and releasing cysteamine. It is involved in the thymus homing of bone marrow cells. VNN2 plays a role in transendothelial migration of neutrophils and may regulate beta-2 integrin-mediated cell adhesion, migration and motility of neutrophil.

B-cell linker protein, also known as B-cell adapter containing a SH2 domain protein, B-cell adapter containing a Src homology 2 domain protein, Cytoplasmic adapter protein, Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 65 kDa, SLP-65 and BLNK, is a cytoplasm and cell membrane protein which contains oneSH2 domain. BLNK is expressed in B-cell lineage and fibroblast cell lines. Highest levels of expression is in the spleen, with lower levels in the liver, kidney, pancreas, small intestines and colon. BLNK functions as a central linker protein that bridges kinases associated with the B-cell receptor (BCR) with a multitude of signaling pathways, regulating biological outcomes of B-cell function and development. BLNK plays a role in the activation of ERK / EPHB2, MAP kinase p38 and JNK. BLNK modulates AP1 activation. It is important for the activation of NF-kappa-B and NFAT. BLNK plays an important role in BCR-mediated PLCG1 and PLCG2 activation and Ca2+mobilization and is required for trafficking of the BCR to late endosomes. BLNK may be required for the RAC1-JNK pathway. It plays a critical role in orchestrating the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition. BLNK also plays an important role in BCR-induced B-cell apoptosis.Defects in BLNK are the cause of agammaglobulinemia type 4 (AGM4) which is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by profoundly low or absent serum antibodies and low or absent circulating B cells due to an early block of B-cell development.

Non-structural protein 2 (NS2) plays a crucial role in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly. NS2 was predicted to be composed of three transmembrane (TM) segments. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) is a hydrophobic, transmembrane protein that is required not only for NS2-NS3 cleavage but also for infectious virus production.NS2 protein is essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. NS2 protein was expressed and purified. Aptamers against NS2 protein were raised and antiviral effects of the aptamers were examined. The non-structural protein NS2, also called nuclear export protein, of influenza A virus contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal that could guide viral ribonucleoproteins to cross the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and complete directional nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.

Casein kinase I gamma 2 isoform (CSNK1G2), a member of the large casein kinase I (CKI) subfamily, protein kinase superfamily. It may affect the development of brain, and associate with vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter releasing from small synaptic vesicles. The CKI family includes several other isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta). Dishevelled (Dsh), another positive component of the Wnt pathway, becomes phosphorylated in response to Wnt signals. All the CKI isoforms, with the exception of gamma, increase the phosphorylation of Dsh in vivo. Casein kinase 1 gamma (CK1gamma, or CSNK1G) is associated with the cell membrane and binds to LRP. CK1gamma was found to be needed for Wnt signaling through Wnt receptor LRP. CSNK1G2 inhibits Smad3-mediated TGF-beta responses including induction of target genes and cell growth arrest, and this inhibition is dependent on CSNK1G2 kinase activity. The overexpression of CSNK1G2 in human cancers, may act as an oncoprotein during tumorigenesis. In addition, as an MTA1s-binding protein, CSNK1G2 could further potentiate the estrogen receptor (ER) corepressive function of MTA1s.

VPS1 domain-containing receptor SorCS1, also known as SORCS1 and SORCS, is a single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the SORCS family and SORCS1 subfamily. SORCS1 contains five BNR repeats and one PKD domain. SorCS1 is a member of the Vps1p-domain receptor family comprised of Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2, SorCS3, and SorLA. The common characteristic of these receptors is an N-terminal Vps1p domain, which either represents the only module of the luminal/extracellular moiety or is combined with additional domains. Family members play roles in protein transport and signal transduction. The individual receptors bind and internalize a variety of ligands, such as neuropeptides and trophic factors, and Sortilin and SorLA mediate trans-Golgi network-to-endosome sorting. Their prominent neuronal expression, several of the identified ligands, and results support the notion that members of this receptor family have important functions in neurogenesis, plasticity-related processes, and functional maintenance of the nervous system. Sortilin and SorLA mediate intracellular protein trafficking and sorting. SorCS1 binds platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and is expressed in isoforms differing only in their cytoplasmic domains. SorCS1 binds platelet-derived growth factor, a growth factor crucial for pericyte recruitment to the microvasculature, and may thus have a role in expanding or maintaining the islet vasculature.

Membrane primary amine oxidase(AOC3), also known as vascular adhesion protein (VAP-1) and HPAO, this protein is a member of the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) family. VAP-1 is a type 1 membrane-bound glycoprotein that has a distal adhesion domain and an enzymatically active amine oxidase site outside of the membrane, VAP-1 has adhesive properties, functional monoamine oxidase activity, and possibly plays a role in glucose handling, leukocyte trafficking, and migration during inflammation. This rise in metabolic products contributes to generating advanced glycation end-products and oxidative stress along with the monoamine detoxification in the organism. It is highly expressed on the endothelium of the lung and trachea, and absent from leukocytes and epithelial cells. Membrane-bound VAP-1 releases an active, soluble form of the protein, which may be conducive to increased inflammation and the progression of many vascular disorders. In particular, elevation of VAP-1 activity and the increased enzymatic-mediated deamination is proposed to play a role in renal and vascular disease, oxidative stress, acute and chronic hyperglycemia, and diabetes complications.

NHP2 belongs to the H/ACA snoRNPs gene family. snoRNPs are involved in various aspects of rRNA processing and modification and have been organized into 2 families: C/D and H/ACA. NHP2 forms a small ribonucleoprotein particle with GAR1 (NOLA1). NHP2 is involved in a variety of aspects of rRNA processing and modification. NHP2 localizes to the dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus and in nuclear Cajal bodies. NHP2 may also be required for correct processing or intranuclear trafficking of TERC, the RNA component of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) holoenzyme.

Isoform VP2 is a structural protein that resides within the core of the capsid surrounded by 72 VP1 pentamers. Participates in host cell receptor binding together with VP1. Following virus endocytosis and trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum, VP2 and VP3 form oligomers and integrate into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Heterooligomer VP2-VP3 may create a viroporin for transporting the viral genome across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytoplasm. Nuclear entry of the viral DNA involves the selective exposure and importin recognition of VP2 or Vp3 nuclear localization signal (shared C-terminus). Plays a role in virion assembly within the nucleus in particular through a DNA-binding domain located in the C-terminal region. A N-terminal myristoylation suggests a scaffold function for virion assembly.; structural protein that resides within the core of the capsid surrounded by 72 VP1 pentamers. Following virus endocytosis and trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum, VP2 and VP3 form oligomers and integrate into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Heterooligomer VP2-VP3 may create a viroporin for transporting the viral genome across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytoplasm. Nuclear entry of the viral DNA involves the selective exposure and importin recognition of VP2 or Vp3 nuclear localization signal (shared C-terminus). Isoform VP3 plays a role in virion assembly within the nucleus. May participate in host cell lysis when associated with VP4.; Isoform VP4 is a viroporin inducing perforation of cellular membranes to trigger virus progeny release. Forms pores of 3 nm inner diameter. VP4 is expressed about 24 hours after the late structural proteins and is not incorporated into the mature virion.

Plays a role in influencing the retrograde trafficking of lysosomal sorting receptors SORT1 and IGF2R from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network by controlling the recruitment of retromer complex to the endosomal membrane. Regulates the localization and activation of RAB7A which is required to recruit the retromer complex to the endosomal membrane. CLN5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43.5 kDa and the accession number is O75503.

Microtubule-associated force-producing protein involved in producing microtubule bundles and able to bind and hydrolyze GTP. Most probably involved in vesicular trafficking processes. Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. DNM1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.2 kDa and the accession number is Q05193.

Involved in melanosome biogenesis by ensuring the stability of GPR143. Plays a vital role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of melanocyte protein PMEL, which is critical to the formation of stage II melanosomes. MLANA Protein, Human, Recombinant (B2M & His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-B2M tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.2 kDa and the accession number is Q16655.

May be involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking. Plays a role in protein transport from early to late endosomes. Plays a role in protein transport to the lysosome. Promotes degradation of EGFR after EGF signaling. Plays a role in intracellular transport of vesicular stomatitis virus nucleocapsids from the endosome to the cytoplasm.

Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway. The recruitment of the CSC to the endosomal membrane involves RAB7A and SNX3. The CSC seems to associate with the cytoplasmic domain of cargo proteins predominantly via VPS35; however, these interactions seem to be of low affinity and retromer SNX proteins may also contribute to cargo selectivity thus questioning the classical function of the CSC. The SNX-BAR retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and is involved in endosome-to-plasma membrane transport for cargo protein recycling. The SNX3-retromer mediates the retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport of WLS distinct from the SNX-BAR retromer pathway. The SNX27-retromer is believed to be involved in endosome-to-plasma membrane trafficking and recycling of a broad spectrum of cargo proteins. The CSC seems to act as recruitment hub for other proteins, such as the WASH complex and TBC1D5. Required for retrograde transport of lysosomal enzyme receptor IGF2R and SLC11A2. Required to regulate transcytosis of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR-pIgA). Required for endosomal localization of WASHC2C. Mediates the association of the CSC with the WASH complex via WASHC2. Required for the endosomal localization of TBC1D5.; (Microbial infection) The heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) mediates the exit of human papillomavirus from the early endosome and the delivery to the Golgi apparatus.

V-SNARE that mediates vesicle transport pathways through interactions with t-SNAREs on the target membrane. These interactions are proposed to mediate aspects of the specificity of vesicle trafficking and to promote fusion of the lipid bilayers. May be concerned with increased secretion of cytokines associated with cellular senescence.

Probably involved in membrane protein trafficking. SCAMP4 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9JKV5.

Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Binds to ubiquitinated cargo proteins and is required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Mediates the association between the ESCRT-0 and ESCRT-I complex. Required for completion of cytokinesis; the function requires CEP55. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation. Acts as a negative growth regulator. Involved in the budding of many viruses through an interaction with viral proteins that contain a late-budding motif P-[ST]-A-P. This interaction is essential for viral particle budding of numerous retroviruses. Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan. It may also play a role in the extracellular release of microvesicles that differ from the exosomes.

RAB2A, a protein essential for ER-to-Golgi transport, is critical in promoting proteolytic activity and 3D invasiveness of breast cancer (BC) cell lines.RAB2A is amplified and elevated in human BC and is a powerful and independent predictor of disease recurrence in BC patients. Thus, RAB2A is a novel trafficking determinant essential for regulation of a mesenchymal invasive program of BC dissemination. At the cellular levels, RAB2A controls both canonical polarized Golgi-to-Plasma membrane trafficking of the junctional protein E-cadherin, and post-endocytic trafficking of the membrane-bound metalloprotease, MT1-MMP.

Vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B / C, also known as VAMP-B/VAMP-C, VAMP-associated protein B/C, VAP-B/VAP-C and VAPB, is a single-pass type IV membrane protein that belongs to the VAMP-associated protein (VAP) family. VAPB contains one MSP domain. VAPB may play a role in vesicle trafficking. VAPB forms a heterodimer with VAPA. VAPB interacts with VAMP1 and VAMP2. Defects in VAPB are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 8 ( ALS8 ) which is a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in fatal paralysis. Defects in VAPB are also a cause of spinal muscular atrophy autosomal dominant Finkel type (SMAF) which is characterized by proximal muscle weakness that begins in the lower limbs and then progresses to upper limbs.

STX8, also known as syntaxin 8, directly interacts with HECTd3. STX8 forms the SNARE complex with syntaxin 7, vti1b and endobrevin. STX8 belongs to the syntaxin family. Members of this family are key molecules implicated in diverse vesicle docking and membrane fusion events. STX8 physically interacts with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR): recombinant syntaxin 8 binds CFTR in vitro and both proteins co-immunoprecipitate in HT29 cells. Syntaxin 8 regulates CFTR-mediated currents in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing CFTR and syntaxin 8. STX8 contributes to the regulation of CFTR trafficking and chloride channel activity by the SNARE machinery.

BLOC1S2, also known as BLOS2, belongs to the BLOC1S2 family. It is a component of BLOC-1 complex. The BLOC-1 complex is composed of BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BLOC1S3, DTNBP1, MUTED, PLDN, CNO/cappuccino and SNAPIN. The BLOC-1 complex is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. BLOC1S2 interacts directly with BLOC1S1, BLOC1S3, MUTED, CNO/cappuccino and SNAPIN. It may play a role in cell proliferation. It also plays a role in intracellular vesicle trafficking. Functionally, BLOC1S2 gene has been proposed to participate in processes (melanosome organization, microtubule nucleation, platelet dense granule organization, positive regulation of cell proliferation, positive regulation of transcription, regulation of apoptosis, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter).

The eotaxin subfamily of CC chemokines consists of eotaxin-1/CCL11, eotaxin-2/CCL24 and eotaxin-3/CCL26. All eotaxins induce the trafficking of eosinophils to the sites of inflammation via CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3), which is also expressed by several different cell types, including basophils, dendritic cells, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts. The sequence similarity between the three eotaxins is limited (<4%), but their functional properties are very similar. Eotaxin-1 and -2 are expressed by both haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells, but eotaxin-3 expression has been reported to be limited to non-haematopoietic cells. Interleukin (IL)-4 is the main inducer for eotaxin-3 expression, whereas eotaxin-1 is up-regulated by IL-4 and the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Eotaxin-3 is expressed in vascular endothelial cells and human dermal fibroblasts after IL-4 and IL-13 stimulation, and this is dependent upon the IL-4-/IL-13-specific transcription factor, signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT)-6. Eotaxin-3 is expressed on the surface of IL-4-stimulated endothelial cells and promotes eosinophil transmigration.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy

ANGPTL3 is a secreted glycoprotein that is structurally related to the angiopoietins. Mature human ANGPTL3 contains an N-terminal coiled coil domain and a C‑terminal fibrinogen-like domain. ANGPTL3 is expressed in the liver from early in development through adulthood. Acts in part as a hepatokine that is involved in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Proposed to play a role in the trafficking of energy substrates to either storage or oxidative tissues in response to food intake. ANGPTL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9Y5C1.

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has long been studied as an adhesion molecule involved in immune cell trafficking and is recognized as a regulator of many facets of immune responses by myeloid cells. PSGL-1 also regulates T cell migration during homeostasis and inflammatory settings. PSGL-1/CD162 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.57 kDa and the accession number is A0A7N9CVJ8.

Tubby is the founding member of the tubby-like family of proteins. Tubby-like proteins (TLPs) possess a highly conserved closed β barrel tubby domain at C-terminal and N-terminal F-box.Tubby plays a critical role in trafficking select GPCRs to the cilia.