traumatic brain injury

Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (EH-201) is a low MW inducer of erythropoietin. Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside induces expression of erythropoietin, PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and haemoglobin in astrocytes and PC12 neuronal-like cells. In vivo, Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside treatment restores memory impairment, as assessed by the passive avoidance test, in SD, Aβ and KA mouse models. In the hippocampus of mice given Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in their diet, levels of erythropoietin, PGC-1α and haemoglobin were increased. Treatment with Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside might be a therapeutic strategy for memory impairment in neurodegenerative disease, physiological ageing or traumatic brain injury.

Premarin (Estrone 3-sulfate) is an an estrogen sulfate with neuroprotective actions during traumatic brain injury.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg/kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.