adipogenesis

Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a member of a family of human growth factors that includes human growth hormone, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and other growth factors. IL-11 is a thrombopoietic growth factor that directly stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitor cells and induces megakaryocyte maturation resulting in increased platelet production. It also promotes the proliferation of hepatocytes in response to liver damage. Binding to its receptor formed by IL6ST and either IL11RA1 or IL11RA2, It activates a signaling cascade that promotes cell proliferation. The signaling leads to the activation of intracellular protein kinases and the phosphorylation of STAT3.

Abstract Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to gp130 family. IL-11 and its receptor, IL-11Ra, are expressed in human cancers,human cancer cells expressed a functional IL-11Ra subunit, which triggered signal transduction either by exogenous recombinant human IL-11 or by autocrine production of IL-11 in cells cultured under hypoxic conditions. IL-11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.24 kDa and the accession number is P20809-1.

Abstract Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to gp130 family. IL-11 and its receptor, IL-11Ra, are expressed in human cancers,human cancer cells expressed a functional IL-11Ra subunit, which triggered signal transduction either by exogenous recombinant human IL-11 or by autocrine production of IL-11 in cells cultured under hypoxic conditions. IL-11 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.48 kDa and the accession number is P20808.

Growth factor involved in osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Plays an inhibitory role in the process of osteoblast differentiation via SMAD2/3 pathway. Plays an inhibitory role in the process of adipogenesis. GDF-10 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.1 kDa and the accession number is P55107.

Component of the proteolytic cascade acting downstream of the 26S proteasome in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. May be able to complement the 26S proteasome function to some extent under conditions in which the latter is inhibited. Stimulates adipogenesis. TPP2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.3 kDa and the accession number is Q64514.

Component of the proteolytic cascade acting downstream of the 26S proteasome in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. May be able to complement the 26S proteasome function to some extent under conditions in which the latter is inhibited. Stimulates adipogenesis.

Component of the proteolytic cascade acting downstream of the 26S proteasome in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. May be able to complement the 26S proteasome function to some extent under conditions in which the latter is inhibited. Stimulates adipogenesis. TPP2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (E. coli, His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 29.5 kDa and the accession number is Q64514.

Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase (AACS) is a novel cytosolic ketone body (acetoacetate)-specific ligase. The AACS in adipose tissue plays an important role in utilizing ketone body for the fatty acid-synthesis during adipose tissue development. It had been improved that Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase is an essential enzyme for the synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol from ketone bodies, was found to be highly expressed in mouse adipose tissue, and GC box and C/EBPs motif were crucial for AACS promoter activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, AACS promoter activity was controlled mainly by C/EBPalpha during adipogenesis. AACS gene expression is particularly abundant in white adipose tissue, as it is induced during adipocyte differentiation. The human AACS promoter is a PPARgamma target gene and that this nuclear receptor is recruited to the AACS promoter by direct interaction with Sp1 (stimulating protein-1). The Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase has important roles in the regulation of ketone body utilization in rat liver and that these hypocholesterolemic agents have the ability to remedy the impaired utilization of ketone bodies under the diabetic condition.

S100A16 is a member of S100 protein superfamily that carries calcium-binding EF-hand motifs. S100 proteins are cell- and tissue-specific and are involved in many intra- and extracellular processes through interacting with specific target proteins. S100A16 expression was found to be astrocyte-specific. The S100A16 protein was found to accumulate within nucleoli and to translocate to the cytoplasm in response to Ca(2+) stimulation. The homodimeric structure of human S100A16 in the apo state has been obtained both in the solid state and in solution, resulting in good agreement between the structures with the exception of two loop regions. The homodimeric solution structure of human S100A16 was also calculated in the calcium(II)-bound form. Differently from most S100 proteins, the conformational rearrangement upon calcium binding is minor. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that S100A16 could physically interact with tumor suppressor protein p53, also a known inhibitor of adipogenesis. Overexpression or RNA interference-initiated reduction of S100A16 led to the inhibition or activation of the expression of p53-responsive genes, respectively. S100A16 protein is a novel adipogenesis-promoting factor and that increased expression of S100A16 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes can have a negative impact on insulin sensitivity.

Nemo-like kinase contains 1 protein kinase domain and belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family, and MAP kinase subfamily. It also contains a TQE activation loop motif in which autophosphorylation of the threonine residue (Thr-298) is sufficient for kinase activation. As a serine/threonine-protein kinase, Nemo-like kinase regulates some transcription factors with key roles in cell fate determination. It is a positive effector of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, acting downstream of WNT5A, MAP3K7/TAK1, and HIPK2. Activation of this pathway causes binding to and phosphorylation of the histone methyltransferase SETDB1. The NLK-SETDB1 complex subsequently interacts with PPARG, leading to methylation of PPARG target promoters at histone H3K9 and transcriptional silencing. The resulting loss of PPARG target gene transcription inhibits adipogenesis and promotes osteoblastogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Nemo-like kinase also is a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.

Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids. Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids with preference for phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols over phosphatidylethanolamines. Preferentially releases sn-2 omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chains over saturated fatty acyls. Contributes to phospholipid remodeling of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Hydrolyzes LDL phospholipids releasing unsaturated fatty acids that regulate macrophage differentiation toward foam cells. Efficiently hydrolyzes and inactivates PAF, a potent lipid mediator present in oxidized LDL. May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Secreted by lung epithelium, targets membrane phospholipids of infiltrating eosinophils, releasing arachidonate and boosting eicosanoid and cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis involved in airway inflammatory response. Secreted by gut epithelium, hydrolyzes dietary and biliary phosphatidylcholines in the gastrointestinal lumen, thereby regulating adipogenesis and body weight. Plays a stem cell regulator role in colon epithelium. Within intracellular compartment, mediates Paneth-like cell differentiation and its stem cell supporting functions by inhibiting Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal stem cell (ISC). Secreted in the intestinal lumen upon inflammation, acts in an autocrine way and promotes prostaglandin E2 synthesis that stimulates the Wnt signaling pathway in ISCs and tissue regeneration. May participate in hair follicle morphogenesis by regulating phosphatidylethanolamines metabolism at the outermost epithelial layer and facilitating melanin synthesis. By generating lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) at sperm acrosome controls sperm cell capacitation, acrosome reaction and overall fertility. May promote neurite outgrowth in neuron fibers involved in nociception. Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Cleaves sn-2 fatty acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylethanolamines, which are major components of membrane phospholipids in bacteria. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane. In pulmonary epithelium, may contribute to host defense response against adenoviral infection. Prevents adenovirus entry into host cells by hydrolyzing host cell plasma membrane, releasing C16:0 LPCs that inhibit virus-mediated membrane fusion and viral infection. Likely prevents adenoviral entry into the endosomes of host cells. May play a role in maturation and activation of innate immune cells including macrophages, group 2 innate lymphoid cells and mast cells.

Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The heterodimer formed with LCB1/SPTLC1 constitutes the catalytic core. The composition of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex determines the substrate preference. The SPTLC1-SPTLC2-SPTSSA complex shows a strong preference for C16-CoA substrate, while the SPTLC1-SPTLC2-SPTSSB complex displays a preference for C18-CoA substrate. Plays an important role in de novo sphyngolipid biosynthesis which is crucial for adipogenesis. SPTLC2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 69.7 kDa and the accession number is O15270.

Component of the proteolytic cascade acting downstream of the 26S proteasome in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. May be able to complement the 26S proteasome function to some extent under conditions in which the latter is inhibited. Stimulates adipogenesis. TPP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.8 kDa and the accession number is P29144.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to play a significant role in neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), the loss of mitoNEET (CISD1), an iron-sulfur containing protein that regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics, results in mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase. CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 (CISD1, also termed mitoNEET), an iron-containing outer mitochondrial membrane protein, negatively regulates ferroptotic cancer cell death. At the cellular level, CISD1 gene expression increased during human adipocyte differentiation in correlation with adipogenic genes.Thus it is a possible role of CISD1 in obesity-associated dysfunctional adipogenesis in human VAT.