dinucleotide

Flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium salt (FAD sodium salt) is a flavin dinucleotide that is synthesized when the AMP moiety from ATP is transferred onto riboflavin 5'-monophosphate. FAD functions as a coenzyme that facilitates the transfer of electrons by flavoenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions in cells.

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a REDOX cofactor and protein cogroup involved in various metabolic reactions.

Riboflavin phosphate sodium (FMN) is the sodium phosphate form of riboflavin, a water-soluble and essential micronutrient that is the primary growth promoter of the naturally occurring vitamin B complex. Riboflavin phosphate sodium is converted into 2 coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which produce energy by aiding in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and are required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and regulation of growth and reproduction in the body.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) hydrate is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons in a reducing reaction, becoming oxidized to produce NAD+. Various enzymes utilize NADH disodium salt hydrate plus H+ to reduce substrates, generating NAD+ and the reduced product.

NADP disodium salt (Disodium NADP) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADP disodium salt is a key redox cofactor for electron transfer in the metabolism, serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH).

Nicotinamide N-oxide (Nicotinamide 1-oxide) is recognized as an in vivo metabolite of nicotinamide which is a precurser of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in animals. The enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nicotinamide N-oxide to nicotinamide in the liver is xanthine oxidase.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is a natural product, an endogenous human metabolite, and a micronutrient. Riboflavin is essential for the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Riboflavin is involved in energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and antibody production, as well as normal growth and development.

Niacin (Nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP.

Nicotinamide riboside chloride, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.

Phytic acid dipotassium salt is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits β-secretase 1 (BACE1).

(2S)-2',5,6',7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone can inhibit the lipid peroxide formation induced by adenosine diphosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in rat liver homogenate.

cGAMP disodium is a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) found in bacteria that acts as an endogenous second messenger affecting interferon production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. cGAMP disodium cascades signals from type I interferons and other immune mediators by activating interferon gene stimulator (STING). cGAMP disodium is a potent sublingual immune adjuvant that enables better immune function (serum anti-PA neutralization and airway secretions anti-PA SIgA response).