isozyme

6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type is a muscle-type isozyme that in humans is encoded by the PFKM gene. It belongs to the phosphofructokinase family and Two domains subfamily. PFKM functions as subunits of the mammalian tetramer phosphofructokinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. PFK1 converts fructose 6-phosphate and ATP into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-1), fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-2) and ADP.

PPP3CA, also known as protein phosphatase 2B, is a member of the PPP phosphatase family, PP-2B subfamily. It is the alpha catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B). PP2B is a holoenzyme that is comprised of a catalytic subunit associated with regulatory subunits. It is a calcium regulated enzyme that is activated by calmodulin and participates in the signaling cascades involved in development of the nervous, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. PPP3CA activates the T cells of the immune system and can be blocked by drugs. It also activates NFATc (a transcription factor) by dephosphorylating it. The activated NFATc is subsequently translocated into the nucleus, where it upregulates the expression of interleukin 2. PPP3CA interacts with CRTC2, MYOZ1, MYOZ2 and MYOZ3. It also interacts with DNM1L. The interaction dephosphorylates DNM1L and regulates its translocation to mitochondria.

ALPP is a membrane protein and exits as a homodimer. ALPP is expressed only in normal term placenta, endocervix and fallopian tube and also in ovarian and proximal gastrointestinal tumors. It has been shown to play a role in a number of processes including cell signaling, long-term potentiation, and cell adhesion, however, the best known and most commonly studied role is implicated in Alzheimer's research.

Catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Modulates intracellular glucocorticoid levels, thus protecting the nonselective mineralocorticoid receptor from occupation by glucocorticoids. HSD11B2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.1 kDa and the accession number is P80365.

MBTPS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.5 kDa and the accession number is Q14703.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1, also known as [Pyruvate dehydrogenase [lipoamide]] kinase isozyme 1, mitochondrial and PDK1, is a member of the PDK / BCKDK protein kinase family. PDK-1 is expressed predominantly in the heart. It contains one histidine kinase domain. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms are molecular switches that downregulate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) by reversible phosphorylation in mitochondria. An inhibitory effect of lipoic acid on PDKs would result in less phosphorylation of E1 and hence increased PDC activity. At least two isoenzymic forms of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase ( PDK-1 and PDK-2 ) may be involved in the regulation of enzymatic activity of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylation. PDK-3 appears to have the highest specific activity among the three isoenzymes. PDK-1 inhibits the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit, thus contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism.

PDK1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48.7 kDa and the accession number is Q8BFP9.

PKM2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.8 kDa and the accession number is P52480.

PKM2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.8 kDa and the accession number is P11980.

6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PFKFB1 gene. The enzyme forms a homodimer that catalyzes both the synthesis and degradation of fructose-2,6-biphosphate using independent catalytic domains. It belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. Fructose-2,6-biphosphate is an activator of the glycolysis pathway and an inhibitor of the gluconeogenesis pathway. Consequently, regulating fructose-2,6-biphosphate levels through the activity of this enzyme is thought to regulate glucose homeostasis.

ACYP1, also known as Acylphosphatase-1, Acylphosphatase, erythrocyte isozyme, Acylphosphatase, organ-common type isozyme, Acylphosphate phosphohydrolase 1 and ACYPE, is a small cytosolic enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the carboxyl-phosphate bond of acylphosphates.ACYP1 is a protein which belongs to the acylphosphatase family and contains 1 fibrinogen C-terminal domain. Two isoenzymes have been isolated, called muscle acylphosphatase and erythrocyte acylphosphatase, on the basis of their tissue localization. This gene encodes the erythrocyte acylphosphatase isoenzyme. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins were identified through data analysis. Recombinant human ACYP1 protein was expressed in E. coli fused with HIS-tag at N-terminus.

PDK3 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.3 kDa and the accession number is Q922H2.

Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of 7-ketocholesterol to 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol. In intact cells, the reaction runs only in one direction, from 7-ketocholesterol to 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol. HSD11B1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.5 kDa and the accession number is P28845.

PKM2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (E. coli, His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 62.8 kDa and the accession number is P52480.

PKM2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (E. coli, His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 62.8 kDa and the accession number is P11980.

Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF1B. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN1 is the most important isozyme under normoxia and, through regulating the stability of HIF1, involved in various hypoxia-influenced processes such as angiogenesis in retinal and cardiac functionality. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.

NT5C3A (5'-Nucleotidase, Cytosolic IIIA) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a member of the 5'-nucleotidase family of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The encoded protein is the type 1 isozyme of pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase and catalyzes the dephosphorylation of pyrimidine 5' monophosphates. NT5C3A expression required both an intronic IFN-stimulated response element and the IFN-stimulated transcription factor IRF1. Overexpression of NT5C3A, but not of its catalytic mutants, suppressed IL-8 production by HEK293 cells. NT5C3A-stimulated sirtuin activity resulted in deacetylation of histone H3 and the NF-kappaB subunit RelA (also known as p65), both of which were associated with the proximal region of the Il8 promoter, thus repressing the transcription of Il8 Together.

SOD1 belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family. It binds copper and zinc ions and is one of two isozymes responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. The encoded isozyme is a soluble cytoplasmic protein, acting as a homodimer to convert naturally-occuring but harmful superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The other isozyme is a mitochondrial protein. Mutations in this gene have been implicated as causes of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rare transcript variants have been reported for this gene. SOD1 destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. Defects in SOD1 are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1). ALS1 is a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in fatal paralysis. Sensory abnormalities are absent. Death usually occurs within 2 to 5 years. The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The disease is inherited in 5-10% of cases leading to familial forms.

PFK1, also known as PFKM, is a regulatory glycolytic enzyme. PFK1 converts fructose 6-phosphate and ATP into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-1), fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-2) and ADP. It is a muscle-type isozyme. There are three phosphofructokinase isozymes in humans: muscle, liver and platelet. These isozymes function as subunits of the mammalian tetramer phosphofructokinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Mutations in PFK1 gene have been related to glycogen storage disease type VII, also identified as Tarui disease.