Leptin is a hormone secreted from white adipocytes and plays important role in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin functions via signaling pathways involving OB-R in hypothalamus. Animal models have revealed the influence of Leptin in reducing body weight and regulating blood glucose level. When mutations are introduced in obese gene, mice with impaired function of leptin are massively obese and in high risk of diabetes. Leptin deficiency reduces metablic rate. Leptin deficient mice are less active and with lower body temperature than normal animals. Human Leptin shares approximately 84% sequence identity with the mouse protein. Human Leptin consists of 167 amino acid residue including a 21 amino acid residue signal sequence and 146 amino acid residue mature protein sequence.

Leptin Receptor Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 95 kDa and the accession number is P48357-1.

Leptin is a hormone secreted from white adipocytes and plays important role in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin functions via signaling pathways involving OB-R in hypothalamus. In mammals, leptin is mainly produced by the adipose tissue and encodes body fat reserves, acting as a short-term satiety signal. In fish, the presence of a leptin-like peptide was first evidenced by immuno-cross-reactivity, and its existence was certainly demonstrated after the finding by synteny of a leptin sequence in the pufferfish.

Leptin Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 16 kDa and the accession number is A4D0Y8.

Leptin has key roles in the regulation of energy balance, body weight, metabolism, and endocrine function. Leptin levels are undetectable or very low in patients with lipodystrophy, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and congenital leptin deficiency (CLD) due to mutations in the leptin gene.

Leptin Receptor Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His and hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 121.4 kDa and the accession number is P48357-1.

Leptin Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43.33 kDa and the accession number is P41160.

LEPR Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 130-190 KDa and the accession number is P48356.

LEPR Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-10His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 120-150 KDa and the accession number is P48356.

LEPR Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 150-180 KDa and the accession number is P48357.

LEPR Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 130-190 KDa and the accession number is P48356.

Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), also known as osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) is a member of Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of proteins. Bone morphogenetic proteins were discovered in 1965 by Marshal Urist, of which BMP7 is of particular interest in this review being a leptin-independent anorexinogen and having role in energy expenditure in the brown adipose tissue, which makes it a potential target for preventing/treating obesity. As it has been established that Obesity displays a state of leptin-resistance, thus a protein-like BMP7 which acts through a leptin-independent pathway could give new therapeutic directions.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, also known as SOCS-3, Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 3, CIS-3, STAT-induced STAT inhibitor 3, SOCS3 and CIS3, is a protein which is widely expressed with high expression in heart, placenta, skeletal muscle, peripheral blood leukocytes, fetal and adult lung, and fetal liver and kidney. SOCS3 / CIS3 contains one SH2 domain and one SOCS box domain. SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. SOCS3 / CIS3 is involved in negative regulation of cytokines that signal through the JAK / STAT pathway. SOCS3 / CIS3 inhibits cytokine signal transduction by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors including gp13, LIF, erythropoietin, insulin, IL12, GCSF and leptin receptors. Binding to JAK2 inhibits its kinase activity. SOCS3 / CIS3 suppresses fetal liver erythropoiesis. It regulates onset and maintenance of allergic responses mediated by T-helper type 2 cells. SOCS3 / CIS3 regulates IL-6 signaling. SOCS3 / CIS3 interacts with multiple activated proteins of the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway including IGF1 receptor, insulin receptor and JAK2. SOCS3 / CIS3 could be used as a possible therapeutic agent for treating rheumatoid arthritis.

Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) is a secreted glycoprotein that is structurally related to the angiopoietins. Mature human ANGPTL3 contains an N-terminal coiled coil domain and a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain. ANGPTL3 is expressed in the liver from early in development through adulthood. Full length ANGPTL3 circulates in the plasma as do the proteolytically separated N-and C-terminal segments containing the coiled coil domain and fibrinogen-like domains,respectively. ANGPTL3 directly inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and endothelial lipase (EL), enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing circulating triglycerides and HDL phospholipids. ANGPTL3 promotes an increase in circulating triglyceride levels without altering VLDL or HDL secretion or uptake. ANGPTL3 expression in vivo is up-regulated by LXR agonists and down-regulated by insulin, leptin, and agonists of TRβ or PPARβ.

Nesfatin-1 is a metabolic polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the precursor protein, Nucleobindin2 (NUCB2). Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic islets β-cells, gastric endocrine cells and adipocytes. Nesfatin-1 suppresses food intake and can regulate energy metabolism in a Leptin independent manner. Nesfatin-1 may also exert hypertensive roles and modulate blood pressure through directly acting on peripheral arterial resistance.

NPY (Neuropeptide Y) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a neuropeptide that is widely expressed in the central nervous system and influences many physiological processes, including cortical excitability, stress response, food intake, circadian rhythms, and cardiovascular function. NPY is a neuromodulator that is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and is consecrated with classic neurotransmitters including GABA and glutamate. NPY/Agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are part of a neuroendocrine feedback loop that regulates feeding behavior and glucose homeostasis. NPY/AgRP neurons sense peripheral signals (including the hormones leptin, insulin, and ghrelin) and integrate those signals with inputs from other brain regions.

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins. Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors, phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues on the cytoplasmic tails of the receptor, creating docking sites for STATs proteins. Subsequently, phosphorylates the STATs proteins once they are recruited to the receptor. Phosphorylated STATs then form homodimer or heterodimers and translocate to the nucleus to activate gene transcription. For example, cell stimulation with erythropoietin (EPO) during erythropoiesis leads to JAK2 autophosphorylation, activation, and its association with erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) that becomes phosphorylated in its cytoplasmic domain. Then, STAT5 (STAT5A or STAT5B) is recruited, phosphorylated and activated by JAK2. Once activated, dimerized STAT5 translocates into the nucleus and promotes the transcription of several essential genes involved in the modulation of erythropoiesis. Part of a signaling cascade that is activated by increased cellular retinol and that leads to the activation of STAT5 (STAT5A or STAT5B). In addition, JAK2 mediates angiotensin-2-induced ARHGEF1 phosphorylation. Plays a role in cell cycle by phosphorylating CDKN1B. Cooperates with TEC through reciprocal phosphorylation to mediate cytokine-driven activation of FOS transcription. In the nucleus, plays a key role in chromatin by specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Tyr-41' of histone H3 (H3Y41ph), a specific tag that promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin.