locomotor

CGP 3466B maleate (Omigapil maleate) is an orally bioavailable GAPDH nitrosylation inhibitor. Omigapil maleate abrogates Aβ1-42-induced tau acetylation, memory impairment, and locomotor dysfunction in mice. Omigapil maleate has the potential for the research of Alzheimer's disease. Omigapil maleate (CGP3446B maleate) is a apoptosis inhibitor. Omigapil maleate can be used for the research of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD).

(S)-Vamicamide is a novel anticholinergic compound.Vamicamide increases spontaneous locomotor activity in mice at 32 mg kg or higher (p.o.) and inhibits tonic convulsions in mice at 100 mg kg.CAS 번호13483-86-1

AMN082 is an mGluR7 agonist with antidepressant effects. AMN082 has a neuroprotective effect on neuronal apoptosis in rats with traumatic brain injury and attenuates cocaine- and morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and cross-sensitization in mice.

Vamicamide (FK 176) is a novel anticholinergic compound. Vamicamide increases spontaneous locomotor activity in mice at 32 mg kg (p.o.) or higher and inhibits cataleptic convulsions in mice at 100 mg kg.

Piribedil (Trivastan) is a dopamine D2 agonist, used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

L-Allylglycine is an amino acid derivative that reduces glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity by 60% when administered at a dose of 39.8 μmol g per hour ex vivo in mouse brain preparations. L-Allylglycine (1.2 mmol kg, i.p.) induces convulsions and decreases GABA concentration throughout the cerebellum, pons, medulla, striatum, cortex, and hippocampus in mice. Chronic administration (3.2 μg 0.5 μl per hour for 13 days) of L-allylglycine in rats increases locomotor activity in an open field test and impairs attention in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). In vitro, L-allylglycine inhibits GAD only when used at high concentrations (1-80 mM). The more potent in vivo activity can be attributed to metabolic conversion of L-allylglycine to 2-keto-4-pentanoic acid, a more potent convulsant and GAD inhibitor.

Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 acetate is an agonist at nociceptin/orphanin FQ(noc/OFQ) receptors, affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 acetate is a partial agonist on ORL1 transfected in CHO cells, antagonizes the stimulation of [35S]-GTPgammaS binding to G proteins by noc/OFQ in membranes and sections of rat brain.

Paraxanthine-d6 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of paraxanthine by GC- or LC-MS. Paraxanthine is an active metabolite of caffeine. It is formed via N3-demethylation of caffeine by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP1A2. Paraxanthine is an adenosine A1 and A2 receptor antagonist. In vivo, paraxanthine increases striatal cGMP and extracellular striatal dopamine levels and locomotor activity, as well as inhibits motor depression induced by the adenosine A1 agonist CPA or the adenosine A2 receptor agonist CGS 21680 in rats not habituated to caffeine. It also promotes wakefulness and increases locomotor activity and core temperature in narcoleptic transgenic mice without increasing behavioral anxiety.

N,N-Dipropyldopamine is a dopamine receptor agonist.1,2,3 It decreases dihydrophenylalanine (DOPA) levels in the limbic forebrain and striatum of reserpinized rats (ED50s = 25 and 20 μmol/kg, respectively), as well as reduces homovanillic acid levels in rat striatum when administered at a dose of 80 μmol/kg.1 N,N-Dipropyldopamine (0.5-16 mg/kg) reduces spontaneous locomotor activity in mice, an effect that can be reversed by the antipsychotic spiroperidol.2,3

O-2050 is a high-affinity cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 2.5 nM and inhibits the cannabinoid CB2 receptor with a Ki of 0.2 nM. O-2050 decreased food intake and stimulated locomotion in mice [1].

Otophylloside F can suppress the seizure-like locomotor activity caused by pentylenetetrazole in zebrafish.

ZCZ011 is a positive allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. ZCZ011 is brain penetrant, increased the potency of orthosteric agonists in mouse behavioral assays indicative of cannabimimetic activity, including antinociception, hypothermia, c

RO-5328673 is a dual NK2/NK3 antagonist. O5328673. [(3)H]RO5328673 bound to a single saturable site on hNK2, hNK3 and gpNK3 with high-affinity. RO5328673 acted as an insurmountable antagonist at both human and guinea-pig NK3 receptors in the [(3)H]IP accumulation assay. In binding kinetic analyses, [(3)H]RO5328673 had fast association and dissociation rates at hNK2 while it had a fast association rate and a remarkably slow dissociation rate at gp and hNK3. In electrophysiological recordings of gp SNpc, RO5328673 inhibited the senktide-induced potentiation of spontaneous activity of dopaminergic neurons with an insurmountable mechanism of action. RO5328673 exhibited in-vivo activity in gerbils, robustly reversing the senktide-induced locomotor activity.

ZK-95962 is an agonist gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. ZK-95962 had selective effects on releasing exploratory locomotor activity suppressed by footshock (punished crossings). ZK-95962 had weak effects on the measures of anxiolytic activity. The

Neuropeptide S(Mouse) TFA, an endogenous agonist for the neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) with an EC50 value of 3 nM, plays a significant role in physiological processes by inducing the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. This compound elevates locomotor activity and wakefulness, and simultaneously decreases anxiety-like behavior in mice.

Unasnemab (MT-3921), a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, targets repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa) to enhance locomotor function and support neuroregeneration, showing potential for spinal cord injury research [1].

Potent trace amine 1 (TA1) receptor agonist (EC50 values are 0.12, 35 and 17-85 nM for mouse, rat and human receptors, respectively). Increases wakefulness and reduces REM and NREM sleep duration in wild type mice. Inhibits spontaneous locomotor activity in dopamine transport (DAT) knockout mice. Espinoza et al (2018) Biochemical and functional characterization of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist RO5263397. Front.Pharmacol. 9 645 PMID:29977204 |Galley et al (2015) Discovery and characterization of 2-aminooxazolines as highly potent, selective, and orally active TAAR1 agonists. ACS.Med.Chem.Letts. 7 192 PMID:26985297 |Schwartz et al (2017) Trace amine-associated receptor 1 regulates wakefulness and EEG spectral composition. Neuropsychopharmacology. 42 1305 PMID:27658486

The metallo-protein Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a ubiquitous enzyme responsible for scavenging superoxide radicals. Mutations in SOD1, which alter its metal binding capacity and can result in protein misfolding and aggregation, have been linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Cu-ATSM is an orally bioavailable, blood-brain barrier permeable complex that has traditionally been used in cellular imaging experiments to selectively label hypoxic tissue via its susceptibility to reduction by oxygen-depleted mitochondria. More recently, Cu-ATSM has been reported to improve locomotor function and survival in a transgenic ALS mouse model by delivering copper specifically to cells in the spinal cords of mice producing misfolded SOD1 proteins. Copper chaperone for SOD (CCS) is presumed to utilize the copper from Cu-ATSM to prevent misfolding of the SOD1 protein.

Peptide fragment corresponding to residues 1 - 40 of Nogo-66, the domain of the myelin protein Nogo that inhibits axonal outgrowth. Acts as a competitive antagonist at the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR); blocks Nogo-66- and CNS myelin-induced inhibition of axonal

NocII TFA, an orphan neuropeptide, stimulates locomotor activity in mice [1].

Delta (Phospho) Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP-P), a peptide that promotes sustained sleep, induces changes in circadian locomotor activity in rats [1][2][3].

PD 117302 is a nonpeptide opioid compound. It is a selective kappa-opioid agonist. PD 117302 causes naloxone-reversible locomotor impairment and diuresis. It is an Anti-Arrhythmia Agent, an Anticonvulsants, a Cardiovascular Agent, and a Central Nervous Sy

Potent endogenous neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) agonist (EC50 = 3 nM). Induces mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. Increases locomotor activity and wakefulness in mice. Also reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice.

L 363572, a hexapeptide analog of MK 678, does not effect locomotor acitivity in rats.

Neuropeptide S(Rat) TFA, a robust endogenous agonist for the neuropeptide S receptor (NSPR) with an EC50 of 3.2 nM, enhances locomotor activity and promotes wakefulness while concurrently diminishing anxiety-like behavior in mice.

SB-334867 free base (SB334867A free base) is a selective antagonist of the orexin-1 (OX1) receptor.

AMN082 free base is a metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 allosteric agonist.

Potent, endogenous neuromedin U receptor agonist (EC50 values are 65 and 91 pM at NMU1 and NMU2 respectively). Induces phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity following i.c.v. administration. Potent endogenous anorexigenic peptide.

Highly potent and selective NOP receptor agonist (EC50 = 1 nM). Displays > 875-fold selectivity over opioid receptors (IC50 values are 0.32, 280, > 10000 and 1500 for NOP, μ, δ and κ receptors respectively). Longer lasting and 30-fold more potent than noc

Qingyangshengenin B (Otophylloside B) is a C-21 steroidal glycoside isolated from Qingyangshen. Qingyangshengenin B protects against Aβ toxicity, which decreases Aβ deposition by decreasing the expression of Aβ at the mRNA level. Qingyangshengenin B has antiepileptic and anti-aging effects, it can extend lifespan, increase heat stress-resistance, delay body paralysis, and increase the chemotaxis response in C. elegans models of Alzheimer's disease. Otophylloside B can suppress the seizure-like locomotor activity caused by pentylenetetrazole in zebrafish.

High affinity ligand for the NOP site (Ki = 1.5 nM). Antagonizes nociceptin-stimulated GTP binding in rat brain and the chronotropic effect of nociceptin on rat cardiomyocytes. However, displays potent agonist properties in vivo, inhibiting locomotor acti

Potent endogenous neuropeptide S receptor agonist (EC50 = 9.4 nM). Increases locomotor activity and wakefulness in mice. Also reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice.

CTOP TFA, a potent and highly selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist, antagonizes acute analgesic effects and hypermotility, while enhancing extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. It also dose-dependently increases locomotor activity [1] [2].

(±)-Pellotine has been found in L. diffusa and L. fricii, as well as L. williamsii. It decreases locomotor activity and the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in mice.

(R)-Preclamol, a dopamine (DA) agonist, exhibits both autoreceptor and postsynaptic receptor stimulatory effects. It effectively reduces the locomotor activity in mice and rats at low doses [1].

Potent endogenous neuropeptide S receptor (NSPR) agonist (EC50 = 3.2 nM). Increases locomotor activity and wakefulness in mice. Also reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice.

SR9009 (Stenabolic), a REV-ERB agonist, increases the constitutive repression of genes regulated by REV-ERBα/ERBβ (IC50: 670/800 nM). Through activation of REV-ERB, SR9009 can decrease circadian locomotor activity during the dark phase and alter the expression pattern of core clock genes in the hypothalami of mice. The circadian pattern of expression of an array of metabolic genes in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue was also altered in mice exposed to SR9009, resulting in increased energy expenditure. In Diet-induced obese mice, SR9009 (100 mg/kg, i.p., b.i.d., for 30 days) could decrease fat mass and markedly improve dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia.

Adipokinetic hormone Gryllus bimaculatus (Grybi-AKH), an adipokinetic hormone, mobilizes lipids and carbohydrates from the insect fat body, regulating energy homeostasis. It also enhances the locomotor activity of the two-spotted cricket and has potential applications in human medical studies for body weight regulation, weight loss induction, and alleviation of glycogen storage disorders [1] [2] [3].

Paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine) is a metabolite of caffeine (sc-202514) which functions as an adenosine receptor ligand and a PARP-1 inhibitor in pulmonary epithelial cells. Studies suggest that Paraxanthine is structurally similar to caffeine and possibly mediates the physiological effects of caffeine. Also Paraxanthine acts as a competitive phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which increases intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF-α and leukotriene synthesis. In addition, Paraxanthine acts as a Na+ K+ ATPase enzymatic effector.