PF-03382792 is a small molecule 5-HT4 receptor activator for the study of Alzheimer's disease.

Butyzamide is an effective and oral Mpl activator. It is a novel non-peptide-based molecule with antagonistic effects on thrombopoietin (TPO) receptors, which promotes proliferation of human Mpl (hMpl) expression and mouse pro B cell line Ba/F3. The phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, STAT5 and MAPK is induced. Butyzamide has been shown to help increase platelet levels in mouse xenotransplantation trials.

Stemazole is a novel small molecule human stem/progenitor cell proliferation activator that promotes the survival of human embryonic stem cells and maintains stemness, and promotes the survival of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro. Stemazole significantly increased cell survival and clone formation in a dose-dependent manner, reduced apoptosis, and promoted recovery of motor dysfunction and myelin repair. Stemazole can be used as a therapeutic agent in demyelinating disorders, promoting OPC survival in vitro and regeneration in vivo.

Birinapant (TL32711) is a synthetic small molecule that is both a peptidomimetic of second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) and inhibitor of IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) family proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity.

Kevetrin hydrochloride (4-Isothioureidobutyronitrile hydrochloride) is a small molecule and activator of the tumor suppressor protein p53, with potential antineoplastic activity.

JH-131e-153, a diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone, serves as a small molecule activator for the C1 domain of Munc13-1, exhibiting an activation hierarchy of WT>I590≈R592A≈W588A. This compound’s C1 domain shares homology in sequence and structure with protein kinase C (PKC), and its activation preference follows the order of PKCα>Munc13-1>PKCε. JH-131e-153 is implicated in the modulation of neuronal processes and holds potential for research in neurodegenerative diseases [1].

BC-1258 is a unique small molecule F-box/LRR-repeat protein 2 (FBXL2) activator.

STING agonist-23 (CF510) is a non-nucleotide, small-molecule activator of the STING pathway. It initiates the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3, enhancing the production of IFN-β, IL-6, CXCL-10, TNF-α, ISG-15, and CCL-5 in tumor cells. Notably, it demonstrates activity against SARS-CoV series strains [1].

Sirtuins (SIRTs) represent a distinct class of trichostatin A-insensitive lysyl-deacetylases (class III HDACs). Human SIRT1 is the homolog of yeast silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) and has been shown to regulate the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor and inhibit apoptosis. Small molecule activators of SIRT1, such as resveratrol, extend lifespan in yeast and C. elegans in a manner that resembles caloric restriction. CAY10591 has been identified as an activator of the enzyme SIRT1. This compound increases fluorescence by 233% in a SIRT1 activity assay. [Activator activity was defined as the percentage of signal increase relative to signal window in the following formula: 100 x (Sample - Signallow)/(Signalhigh - Signallow)]. CAY10591 suppresses TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. In THP-1 cells, TNF-α levels decreased from 325 pg/ml (control) to 104 and 53 pg/ml with 20 and 60 µM CAY10591, respectively. This activator also has a significant dose-dependent effect on fat mobilization in differentiated adipocytes, which would indicate the potential of SIRT1 activators for anti-obesity or anti-diabetic purposes.

Fasoracetam monohydrate is a small synthetic molecule and a metabotropic glutamate receptor activator, which has previously undergone extensive Phase I-III clinical trials in humans for vascular dementia.

Atiprimod is an orally bioavailable small molecule belonging to the azaspirane class of cationic amphiphilic agents with anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and antiangiogenic properties. Atiprimod inhibits the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), blocking the signalling pathways of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and downregulating the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Mcl-1, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, and inducing apoptosis.

Isovalerylcarnitine (3-methylbutyrylcarnitine) is a small molecule compound produced by the catabolism of L-leucine and the accumulation of isovaleric acid. Isovalerylcarnitine is also a selective and effective calpain activator that can promote cell apoptosis. Isovalerylcarnitine is related to isovaleric acidemia and can be used as a marker of isovaleric acidemia.

Bioymifi (DR5 Activator) is a novel and potent small-molecule activator of the TRAIL receptor DR5 in human cancer cells.

STING agonist-11 is a potent activator of the small molecule cyclic urea class of STING (EC50: 18 nM).STING activation is a highly promising immunotherapy.

STING agonist-10 is a potent activator of the STING small molecule cyclic urea class (EC50: 2600 nM).STING activation is a highly promising immunotherapy.

ML198 is a novel activator and non-inhibitory chaperone of glucocerebrosidase. ML198 serves as a starting point to develop a novel approach towards small molecule treatment for patients suffering from Gaucher disease.

Gingerenone A is an effective Nrf2-Gpx4 activator. It is a small molecule compound isolated from ginger. It has anti-cancer activity, can prolong the cell cycle of cancer cells, and can inhibit dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Ferroptosis in secondary liver injury (SLI) in mice.

CDN1163 is a small molecule activator of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA).

CTX1 is a small molecule activator of p53.

Tirasemtiv (CK-2017357)(CK 2017357) is a small-molecule fast-skeletal-troponin activator, with a potential treatment for muscle weakness and neuromuscular dysfunction.

MASM7 also known as MASM7, is a compound used as a molecular structural unit. It is a mitochondrial fusion protein activator that enables mitochondrial fusion via mitochondrial fusion proteins.

BtGH84 Activator I is a BtGH84 activator. It is the small molecule activator of a glycoside hydrolase.

AA147 (ATF6-activator-147) is a small molecule endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis regulator. The selectively activates ATF6 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) .It acts as a prodrug that preferentially triggers ATF6 signaling through a mechanism involving localized metabolic activation and selective covalent modification of ER resident proteins that regulate ATF6 activity.

EN6-mediated ATP6V1A modification decouples the v-ATPase from the Rags, leading to inhibition of mTORC1 signaling, increased lysosomal acidification and activation of autophagy. EN6 clears TDP-43 aggregates, a causative agent in frontotemporal dementia, in a lysosome-dependent manner. EN6 is a small-molecule in vivo activator of autophagy that covalently targets cysteine 277 in the ATP6V1A subunit of the lysosomal the vacuolar H+ ATPase (v-ATPase).

RA-839 is a potent small molecule Keap1 conjugate and selective Nrf2 signalling activator, as well as an inhibitor of Keap1/Nrf2 interaction with anticancer activity.RA-839 inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and inhibits nitric oxide release.

5-A-RU-PABC-Val-Cit-Fmoc is one of the precursors of 5-A-RU, a small molecule mucosal-associated MAIT activator that is a precursor for bacterial synthesis of riboflavin.