mutagenic

(Z)-9-Propenyladenine is a mutagenic impurity in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

9-Propenyladenine (9-PA) is a mutagenic impurity in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).

Ethyl phenylacetate is a “greener solvent with low toxicity. Ethyl phenylacetate is a non-mutagenic and is a Kosher food additive. Ethyl phenylacetate gives the wines a strong honey-like character. Ethyl phenylacetate is a natural flavoring ingredient, and its sensory threshold is near 73 µg/L. 

Tempo (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinooxy) has a wide range of applications including use as a free radical scavenger, a reagent in organic synthesis and as a structural probe in electron spin resonance spectroscopy.

Procarbazine hydrochloride (NSC-77213 HCl) is the hydrochloride salt of a methylhydrazine derivative with antineoplastic and mutagenic activities. Although the exact mode of cytotoxicity has not been elucidated, procarbazine, after metabolic activation, appears to inhibit the trans-methylation of methionine into transfer RNA (t-RNA), thereby preventing protein synthesis and consequently DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may also undergo auto-oxidation, resulting in the formation of cytotoxic free radicals which damage DNA through an alkylation reaction.

Cytosine (6-Aminopyrimidin-2(1H)-one) is a pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. The deamination of cytosine alone is apparent and the nucleotide of cytosine is the prime mutagenic nucleotide in leukaemia and cancer.

Nicosulfuron (Milagro) is a pesticide that works by inhibiting the acetolactate synthase enzyme. Nicosulfuron has not been found to induce mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. Nicosulfuron is a herbicide to protect corn crops from weeds.

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea is a nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. It targets a variety of animal organs, causes various cancers and degenerative diseases, and can be used in diazomethane synthesis.

p-Coumaric acid (para-Coumaric Acid) is the abundant isomer of cinnamic acid, with antitumor and anti-mutagenic activities.

Benzidine orange (DCC-1802) shows mutagenic and carcinogenic activity.

Difurazon hydrochloride is a mutagenic drug . Difurazon hydrochloride may has been used to treat bacillary dysentery. It is an antibacterial growth promoter in animal feeds.

Moxnidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole, is mutagenic in microbial assays and in Drosophila, inducing genetic alterations in mouse somatic cells.

Lupeol (Monogynol B) is a novel androgen receptor inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.

JH-RE-06 disrupts mutagenic translesion synthesis (TLS) by preventing the recruitment of mutagenic POLζ. JH-RE-06 is an effective REV1-REV7 interface inhibitor (IC50=0.78 μM; Kd=0.42 μM), which targets REV1 that interacts with the REV7 subunit of POLζ. JH-RE-06 also improves chemotherapy.

Dihydrocapsaicin (CCRIS1589) is isolated from Capsicum fruit. Capsaicin is the primary active component of the heat and pain-eliciting lipid soluble fraction of the Capsicum pepper. Like capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin is an irritant. Capsaicin is found in natural hot pepper extracts along with a number of impurities, including dihydrocapsaicin and several lesser impurities. Separation by HPLC is required in order to obtain pure dihydrocapsaicin. Dihydrocapsaicin represents about 10% of the compound present in commercial preparations purporting to be pure capsaicin, but it has about the same pungency as capsaicin. VR1 (vanilloid receptor 1) is a heat activated calcium ion channel which functions as a part of the normal nociceptive pain pathway. Capsaicin elicits a sensation of burning pain by activation of VR1 on small, non-myelinated polymodal C-type nociceptive nerve fibers. The potency of dihydrocapsaicin at VR1 appears equivalent to capsaicin. Antioxidant. Reduces oxidation of serum lipids. Mutagenic. Dihydrocapsaicin is an activator of VR1.

Macrozamin has carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and neurotoxic properties.Macrozamin is a natural product isolated from Cycads.

Aristolochic acid B (Aristolochic Acid II) is one of the major components of the carcinogenic plant extract aristolochic acid, is known to be mutagenic and to form DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo, Aristolochic acid B shows more carcinogenic risk than aristolochic acid I, and this may be, at least partly, the result of its increased levels in kidney and plasma.

Gentisin is a novel inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation with an IC50 value of 7.84 μM. Gentisin has mutagenic activity.

1. Lucidin (NSC-30546) and its derivatives are genotoxic, it is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene locus.

Eclanamine was discovered to be slightly mutagenic in the AS52 assay, and a potential agent which was subjected to a battery of short-term assays for genetic activity.

Gossypetin, a hexahydroxylated flavonoid extractable from Rhodiola rosea Linn. is a potent MKK3 and MKK6 inhibitor that strongly attenuates the MKK3 6-p38 signaling pathway.Gossypetin exhibits antimutagenic, antiatherosclerotic, antioxidant, as well as cytoprotective and antimicrobial effects.It inhibits bone resorption by downregulating lysosomal caspase K activity and inducing autophagy-associated proteins in actin ring osteoclasts. Gossypetin has anti-mutagenic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-oxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial effects, and it inhibits bone resorption by down-regulating lysosomal caspase K activity and by inducing autophagy-associated protein in actin ring osteoblasts.

Necatorin is a mutagenic compound from edible mushroom Lactarius necator.

AZD4625 (Compound 21) is a selective, potent, orally active, covalent, and mutagenic inhibitor of the mutant GTPase KRASG12C.

Aflatoxin (Aflatoxin R0) is a mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that is derived from aflatoxin B1 through metabolic processes facilitated by Rhizopus spp.

Metronidazole (acetic acid) is a metabolite derived from Metronidazole, exhibiting mutagenic activity in bacteria. As a nitroimidazole antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal agent, Metronidazole is specifically utilized against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria.

S6821 is a TAS2R8 antagonist. S6821 was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic in vitro, and did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo.

Dictamine (Dectamine) shows anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, mutagenic, and has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. It has the ability to exert cytotoxicity in human cervix, colon, and oral carcinoma cells.

Altertoxin I (Dihydroalterperylenol) is a quinone-type mycotoxin produced by the fungi Alternaria alternata. It exhibits mutagenic and cytotoxic properties and can mildly disrupt metabolic communication.

5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4References 5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4 References

Dimetridazole is a nitroimidazole-based compound with antibacterial and anticoccidial activity. It was once widely used in the treatment of parasitic infections in poultry, cattle, swine and farmed fish until suspected to be carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans. Hydroxy dimetridazole is a metabolite of dimetridazole that may be useful for identifying this nitroimidazole in various agricultural samples through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and other methods.

S7958 is a is a TAS2R8 antagonist. It was found to be non-mutagenic in vitro.

SZV558 is a potent inhibitor of both human and rodent MAO-B. SZV558 is safe in high doses with no hERG and mutagenic activities and demonstrated neuroprotection in an in vivo chronic model of PD.

Bis(diazoacetyl)butane is a mutagen and traditionally related to radio-mimetic chemical mutagens due to the similarity of appearance of mutagenic action of this mutagen and physical mutagens. It also has anti-tumor and carcinogenic activity.

DL-Glyceraldehyde (Glyceric aldehyde) is produced from the action of the enzyme glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts glycerol to glyceraldehyde using NADP as a cofactor. When present at sufficiently high levels, DL-Glyceraldehyde can be a cytotoxin and a mutagen. A cytotoxin is a compound that kills cells. A mutagen is a compound that causes mutations in DNA. DL-Glyceraldehyde is a highly reactive compound that can modify and cross-link proteins. DL-Glyceraldehyde modified proteins appear to be cytotoxic, depress intracellular glutathione levels, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (PMID: 14981296 ). DL-Glyceraldehyde has been shown to cause chromosome damage to human cells in culture and is mutagenic in the Ames bacterial test.

(–)-Voacangarine, an indole alkaloid isolated from V. africana, exhibits cytotoxicity towards various cell lines including HepG2, A375, MDA-MB-231, SH-SY5Y, and CT26 with IC50 values of 20 µg/ml. Additionally, it demonstrates cytostatic effects on wild-type S. cerevisiae and is cytotoxic to Δrad3-e5 and Δrad6-1 mutant strains of S. cerevisiae, which have defects in DNA strand break repair and the mutagenic repair pathway, respectively.

Aristolochic acid A (TR 1736) is a compound of mutagenic, carcinogenic, and nephrotoxic compounds commonly found in the Birthwort (Aristolochiaceae) family of plants.

8-Hydroxyguanine (8 Hydroxyguanine) is the major premutagenic damage produced by reactive oxygen species. It causes G-T and A-C substitutions.8-Hydroxyguanine is a biomarker for RNA oxidation and oxidative DNA damage.8-Hydroxyguanine is mutagenic and carcinogenic and is commonly used in cancer experiments.8-Hydroxyguanine is a biomarker for RNA oxidation and oxidative DNA damage.

Compound C-2 (Antibacterial agent 109) is a potent antibacterial agent effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is non-mutagenic and functions by inhibiting protein synthesis, specifically by preventing the extension of new peptide chains [1].

Catalpin exhibited mutagenic activity towards Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 in the presence and absence of rat liver homogenate (S9) mix in Ames' test.

5-Methylchrysene, a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with four fused rings, functions as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist. It is generated through the incomplete combustion of organic matter and primarily detected in gasoline exhaust and tobacco smoke. Additionally, 5-Methylchrysene can be converted into mutagenic metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A1 and 1B1.

Jaconine, jacoline,jacobine, and jacozine, the hepatotoxic alkaloids, are potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic and may pose health hazards to the human consumer.

Seneciphylline, one of the hepatotoxic pyrolizidine alkaloids, has mutagenic activity in Drosophila and their transfer into rat milk.Seneciphylline can significantly increased the activities of epoxide hydrase and glutathione-S-transferase but cause reduc

Bromochloroacetonitrile is a chemical compound that is formed as a by-product during the chlorine disinfection process of water that contains natural organic material. This compound exhibits direct mutagenic activity and can induce DNA strand breakage.