poisoning

Sucrose octaacetate is an acetylated derivative of sucrose. Sucrose octaacetate can be used as food additive and also used as an adhesive and plasticizer. Sucrose octaacetate also used in many pesticides, insecticides, and other toxic products as a deterr

HBED (CHELII) is an iron chelator and can be used in research on the treatment of chronic iron overload and acute iron poisoning.

Norathiol (N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine) is an antidote for cadmium poisoning and a metal chelator that promotes the excretion of 109Cd and can be used in the treatment of cadmium poisoning.

Anisodamine (6-beta-Hydroxyhyoscyamine) is an antagonist of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptor with similar affinities at the muscarinic receptor as scopolamine and atropine. Anisodamine improve the microcirculation in states of shock and can be used in studies about organophosphate poisoning.

Pralidoxime Chloride (2-PAM chloride) is a useful agent in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Pralidoxime binds to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase, used to combat poisoning by organophosphates or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (nerve agents).

Bemegride (3-Ethyl-3-methylglutarimide), a central nervous system stimulant, serves as an antidote for barbiturate poisoning.

Pralidoxime Iodide, also named 2-PAM, is an antidote approved for reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in organophosphate poisoning.

Edetate calcium disodium(EDTA calcium disodium) , a chelating agent, is primarily used for the management of severe lead poisoning.

Dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX 1, 35-methylokadaic acid), a causative agent of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, exhibits tumor-promoting activity and also acts as a skin irritant [1].

L-Penicillamine is a medication primarily. It is used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. It is also used for people with kidney stones who have high urine cystine levels, rheumatoid arthritis, copper poisoning, and lead poisoning.

Emestrin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from E. striata that has antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities.1,2,3,4,5 It is active against the fungi C. albicans and C. neoformans, as well as the bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg/ml, respectively).2 Emestrin is a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes).3 Emestrin (0.1 μg/ml) induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells.4 It induces heart, thymus, and liver tissue necrosis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 18 to 30 mg/kg.5 |1. Seya, H., Nakajima, S., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Structure and absolute configuration of emestrin, a new macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine from Emericella striata. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 10, 657-658 (1985).|2. Herath, H.M.T.B., Jacob, M., Wilson, A.D., et al. New secondary metabolites from bioactive extracts of the fungus Armillaria tabescens. Nat. Prod. Res. 27(17), 1562-1568 (2013).|3. Herath, K.B., Jayasuriya, H., Ondeyka, J.G., et al. Isolation and structures of novel fungal metabolites as chemokine receptor (CCR2) antagonists. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 58(11), 686-694 (2005).|4. Ueno, Y., Umemori, K., Niimi, E.-c., et al. Induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and other natural toxins in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. Nat. Toxins 3(3), 129-137 (1995).|5. Terao, K., Ito, E., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Experimental acute poisoning in mice induced by emestrin, a new mycotoxin isolated from Emericella species. Mycopathologia 112(2), 71-79 (1990).

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol (Phloroglucinol dimethyl ether) as a marker of Taxus poisoning, being present in all species of Taxus. It has potent tyrosinase-inhibiting activity.

Rebeccamycin is an antitumor antibiotic+ inhibits DNA topoisomerase I. Rebeccamycin appears to exert its primary antineoplastic effect by poisoning topoisomerase I. It also has a negligible effect on protein kinase C and topoisomerase II.

Brevetoxin B is a polyketide neurotoxin produced by Karenia species and other dinoflagellates. It binds to site 5 on the alpha subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels (IC50 = 15 nM) on neurons at the neuromuscular junction, causing the channel to open irreversibly at potentials more negative than normal, discharging action potentials repetitively. Brevetoxin B is ichthyotoxic at nanomolar concentrations and is responsible for an illness described as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.

Obidoxime dichloride, a selective oxime agent, effectively reactivates sarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and mitigates the acute toxicity associated with sarin exposure. It is also utilized as an antidote for organophosphate nerve agent poisoning.

Trimedoxime bromide is a cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.

Fomepizole hydrochloride (4-Methylpyrazole), a potent, orally active inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) and a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, prevents the conversion of methanol and ethylene glycol into toxic metabolites. It has potential as an antidote for poisoning by ethylene glycol or methanol.

Hgg 12 is used to treat organophosphorus poisoning.

N-Monoacetylcystine is a paracetamol poisoning antidote. It is used in the treatment of influenza A virus pandemic.

Amiphenazole is a respiratory stimulant traditionally used as an antidote for barbiturate or opiate overdose, usually in combination with bemegride, as well as poisoning from other sedative drugs and treatment of respiratory failure from other causes.

K203 is a potent tabun-inhibited AChE reactivator and is an important antidote to organophosphorus poisoning.

Huperzine has the value as pretreatment of organophosphate poisoning, it can be used as a protective agent against organophosphate intoxication.

SN-28049 SN is a DNA intercalating drug that binds selectively to GC-rich DNA and shows curative activity against the Colon 38 adenocarcinoma in mice. SN 28049 has a complex action that may involve poisoning of topo IIalpha, suppression of topo I and inhibition of gene transcription from promoters with SP-1 sites. These actions may contribute to the promising experimental solid tumour anticancer activity of SN 28049.

Use of Deltaline (Eldelin) as versatile antidotes against poisoning of animals and humans.

Pralidoxime is a potent antidote for organophosphate poisoning, effectively reactivating acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that has been inhibited by nerve agents. It achieves this reactivation through a direct nucleophilic attack of its oxime moiety on the phosphorus center of the bound nerve agent, restoring AChE function.

Fomepizole (4-Methylpyrazole) is used as an antidote in confirmed or suspected methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning. Fomepizole(4-Methylpyrazole) is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the initial steps in the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol to their toxic metabolites.