polysaccharide

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5, are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from damage by bile salts and lipid antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharides are highly immunogenic antigens that can enhance immune responses and can be used to construct inflammatory models.

Alginic acid (Snow acid algin G) is a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds with anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory activities. Alginic acid inhibits histamine release and can be used in the food industry.

Pyrimidine (Metadiazine)s are heterocyclic, six-membered, nitrogen-containing carbon ring structures, with uracil, cytosine and thymine being the basal structures of ribose-containing nucleosides (uridine, cytidine, and thymidine respectively), or deoxyribose-containing deoxynucleosides, and their corresponding ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Pyrimidines serve essential functions in human metabolism as ribonucleotide bases in RNA (uracil and cytosine), and as deoxyribonucleotide bases in DNA (cytosine and thymine), and are linked by phosphodiester bridges to purine nucleotides in double-stranded DNA, in both the nucleus and the mitochondria. Pyrimidine activated sugars are also involved in polysaccharide and phospholipid synthesis, glucuronidation in detoxification processes, glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the recently identified novel endothelium-derived vasoactive dinucleotides.

Addition of the Rhamnose (6-Deoxy-L-mannose)-rich polysaccharide, RROP-1, to normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and human endothelial cells produced a dose-dependent stimulation of the calcium-signaling pathway, inducing fast and transient increases in Ca2 influx and intracellular free Ca2 level.

Chitosan (MW 150000) (Deacetylated chitin) is a linear polysaccharide made up of randomly distributed β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

Amylopectin is a highly branched polysaccharide based on glucose. It forms starch together with amylose. The glycosidic bond of amylopectin is α- Glucan chain α- 1, 4 and branching points α- 1，6。

Fucoidan is found in various species of brown seaweed and algae,with anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, immune-modulating.

Chitin is a large, structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of insects, and certain hard structures in fish and invertebrates.

Lipopolysaccharides, Escherichiacoli (E. coli O111:B4) are derived from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides, Escherichiacoli help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from bile salts and lipid antibiotics.

Cellooctaose, an oligosaccharide comprising eight glucose units, serves as an economical polysaccharide substrate in fermentation processes to support the growth of Lactococcus lactis recombinant strains. Additionally, cellooctaose acts as a substrate for the enzyme beta-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21) [1] [2].

Celloheptaose, an oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, serves as a substrate for polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs), facilitating the production of oxidized cellulo-oligosaccharides [1] [2].

6-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-galactose, a disaccharide, is a constituent of the polysaccharide backbone characterized by beta-(1→6) glycoside linkages, with a side chain attached to the primary chain through a beta-(1→3) bond.

Lentinan, isolated and purified from a hot water extract of Lentinula edodes fruit bodies, is a fungal polysaccharide immunomodulator with anti-tumor effects.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP14, an oligosaccharide derived from Atractylodes lancea [1], represents a specific polysaccharide subclass with a degree of polymerization of 14.

L-Diguluronic acid, a linear polysaccharide copolymer consisting of two L-guluronic acid (G) units, serves as a precursor for Alginate[1], a categorically unbranched polyanionic polysaccharide. Alginate finds application in the development of antifungal agent delivery carriers[2].

Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid ammonium (UDP-α-D-glucuronic acid ammonium) is a precursor of many plant cell wall polysaccharides and is required for the production of seed mucilage.Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid ammonium is a precursor of pathogenic fungi. ammonium is a key metabolite for pod polysaccharide synthesis in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.

λ-Carrageenan, a seaweed-derived polysaccharide, is commonly utilized as a proinflammatory agent in basic research and has also been identified as a potent antitumor agent [1].

D-Isofloridoside, a polysaccharide precursor, exhibits free radical scavenging activity and inhibits both ROS expression and the enzymes MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Xylotetraose, a hydrolysis product of xylan, is a polysaccharide composed mainly of β-D-xylose units linked similarly to cellulose.

Gum Arabic, a branched-chain, complex polysaccharide derived from A. Senegal, exhibits antioxidant properties and offers protection against experimental hepatic, renal, and cardiac toxicities. Additionally, it finds application in immunohistochemistry.

Guar gum is a galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans, it has stabilizing and thickening properties useful in food, feed, and industrial applications.

Heparan sulfate is a natural product, a linear polysaccharide. Heparan sulfate occurs as a proteoglycan (HSPG) that is tightly attached to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins.