renal failure

Levocarnitine propionate hydrochloride (ST-261) is used for the treatment of the deterioration of renal function, congestive heart failure, intermittent claudication, and other diseases.

5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (HD-003) is an antioxidant potentially for the treatment of renal failure. A creatinine metabolite, 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin , a hydroxyl radical scavenger, has previously been shown to confer renoprotection by inhibiting the progression of chronic kidney disease in rats. 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin is a novel anti-oxidant drug completely suppressed the expression of B2-kinin receptors (B2KR) in response to high glucose (25 mM) stimulation in VSMC and was also shown to attenuate the effects of BK on VSMC remodeling. 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin inhibited the BK-induced increase in MAPK phosphorylation and attenuated the increase in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein levels in VSMC. These findings suggest that 5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin may confer vascular protection against high glucose concentrations and BK-stimulation to ameliorate vascular injury and remodeling through its anti-oxidant properties.

Methylguanidine (MG) is a guanidine compound deriving from protein catabolism. It is also a product of putrefaction. Methylguanidine is a suspected uraemic toxin that accumulates in renal failure, however it also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Methyl

Irbesartan (SR-47436) is an Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blocker whose mechanism of action involves antagonizing the Angiotensin 2 Receptor.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (D-Galactosamine HCl) hepatotoxicity is associated with endotoxin sensitivity and mediated by lymphoreticular cells in mice.

D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. D-Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.

Glycocyamine (2-Guanidinoacetic acid), a precursor of creatine, is a replacement of dietary arginine and could support overall energy homeostasis of the bird. Glycocyamine is an important marker for renal failure, kidney transplantation, and the renal metabolic activity. The compound is a metabolite of guanidine.

Torsemide (AC-4464) is an anilinopyridine sulfonylurea belonging to the class of loop diuretics. Torsemide has a prolonged duration of action compared to other loop diuretics, is extensively protein bound in plasma and has a relatively long half-life.

Diaziquone (NSC-182986) is a water-soluble synthetic azacyclic benzoquinone that enhances penetration of the blood-brain barrier, has antitumor activity, and is used in the treatment of extreme renal failure.

JP1302 is a selective α2C adrenoceptor antagonist with a Kb value of 16 nM and a Ki of 28 nM for human α2C receptors.JP1302 has antidepressant activity, disrupts the FACT complex and degrades histone H1.JP1302 has been used in the study of neuropsychiatric disorders, acute renal failure, and renal injury.

EIPA (L593754) (L593754, MH 12-43) is a TRPP3 channel inhibitor (IC50: 10.5 μM). It also inhibits Na+/H+-exchanger (NHE) and macropinocytosis.

Demeclocycline (Declostatin) is a tetracycline antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens.Demeclocycline has antimicrobial activity and inhibits the action of vasopressin on the renal tubules, leading to diuresis. Demeclocycline can be used to induce diuresis and acute renal failure.

A1/A3 AR antagonist 1 (Compound 10) is a potent, dual adenosine 1 (A1) and adenosine 3 (A3) receptor antagonist that acts on human A1 (Ki: 37.6 nM), human A3 (Ki: 25.4 nM) and rat A1 (Ki: 1.47 nM). 1 Can be used to study renal failure, inflammatory lung disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Creatininase (CAH) is a homohexameric enzyme found in Pseudomonas putida, which can be used in the study of biosensors for creatinine assays and chronic renal failure.

Azilsartan mepixetil is a potent angiotensin II receptor antagonist with enhanced efficacy and prolonged duration of action. It exhibits more prominent and sustained effects in lowering blood pressure and heart rate, while maintaining a high level of safety. Furthermore, Azilsartan mepixetil demonstrates optimal protective efficacy for cardiovascular and renal functions. Hence, it holds promise for the research and treatment of hypertension, chronic heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy.

Quinapril-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of quinapril by GC- or LC-MS. Quinapril is a prodrug form of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor quinaprilat. In vivo, quinapril reduces mean arterial pressure in renal hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. It inhibits angiotensin I-induced pressor responses in normotensive rats and dogs. Quinapril prevents left ventricular heart failure in CHF 14.6 cardiomyopathic hamsters. Formulations containing quinapril have been used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy.

Ozolinone is an active metabolite of etozoline which acts as a loop diuretic --- a diuretic that acts at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. Loop diuretics are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to cong

Magnesium Lithospermate B is a natural product activates eNOS and ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in diabetes by enhancing vasodilation in addition to reducing oxidative stress, it can protecte cardiomyocytes from ischemic injury through specific inhibition of TAB1-p38 apoptosis signaling.improves renal failure.

Rolofylline (KW-3902) is a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist utilized in research on acute congestive heart failure, renal dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disorders.

FPL-65447 hydrochloride is a selective D1 receptor agonist that has potential for the acute treatment of renal and cardiac failure and of sepsis and septic shock.

Temocapril is an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase.

Temocapril hydrochloride (CS-622 HCl), the hydrochloride of Temocapril, is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used for the therapy of hypertension.

Zardaverine (BY 290) is an orally available, selective and potent PDE3 4 inhibitor with bronchodilator activity and anti-hepatocarcinogenic activity.Zardaverine's action in platelets is mediated by PDE III isoenzymes and can be used in studies of acute renal failure and chronic airflow obstruction.

Atriopeptin III (rat) (ANP 127-150), a 24-amino acid atrial peptide, functions as a powerful vasodilator and natriuretic/diuretic agent, enhancing renal functions and reducing blood pressure in a rat model with ureter-obstructed kidneys. It is utilized in research concerning chronic renal failure [1].

Paricalcitol-D6 is the deuterated form of Paricalcitol, which is used for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone) associated with chronic renal failure.

Tabalumab (LY2127399), a humanized monoclonal antibody (IgG4 type) targeting B-cell activating factor (BAFF), exhibits neutralizing activity against both membrane-bound and soluble BAFF. This compound is relevant for research into autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, renal failure, and systemic lupus erythematosus [1].

Indoxyl sulfate-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of indoxyl sulfate by GC- or LC-MS. Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin and a metabolite of tryptophan. It is formed via sulfation of indole, an intermediate generated from tryptophan by intestinal bacteria, by the sulfotransferase (SULT) isoform 1A1 variant 2 (SULT1A1*2) in the liver. Indoxyl sulfate activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in HepG2 40/6 hepatoma cells (EC50 = 12.1 nM in a reporter assay). It also inhibits the organic anion transporter (OAT) isoforms OAT1 and OAT3 (Kis = 34.2 and 74.4 µM, respectively for the rat transporters) in S2 proximal tubule cells. Indoxyl sulfate (0.2 and 1 mM) increases superoxide anion and nitric oxide levels in isolated human mononuclear blood cells. It increases serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat model of chronic renal failure when administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg.

NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine-d6 (ADMA-d6) (hydrochloride) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine by GC- or LC-MS. ADMA is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). It is formed from arginine by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and degraded by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAHs) and alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2). ADMA levels are increased concomitant with an increase in blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a high-salt diet. ADMA levels are increased in the plasma in a variety of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, and end-stage renal disease.

Paricalcitol is a vitamin D receptor agonist. It is used for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure.

Trichlormethiazide sodium is an orally active thiazide diuretic with antihypertensive effects. In an acute renal failure rats model, it increases urine volume (UV), Na and K excretion, and tends to improve creatinine clearance (CCRE).

Urodilatin, an analogue of ANF-(99-126), serves as a diuretic-natriuretic regulatory peptide with applications in the study of acute renal failure, congestive heart failure, and bronchial asthma, among other conditions [1].

Ea-230 is an immunomodulator that may be used in the treatment of renal failure.

Naxifylline is an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist that promotes urine volume to prevent the decline in renal function observed during diuretic therapy for the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure.

Phytic acid dipotassium salt is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits β-secretase 1 (BACE1).

Marinobufagenin, a cardiotonic steroid, its increased concentrations are important in the cardiac disease and oxidant stress state seen with renal failure.

SGC agonist 2 is a potent soluble guanylate cyclase (SGC) agonist with potential therapeutic applications for cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, angina, pulmonary hypertension, myocardial infarction) and fibrotic diseases (renal fibrosis, systemic sclerosis).