swelling

Pamabrom is a diuretic, used for the relief of temporary water weight gain, bloating, swelling and full feeling associated with the premenstrual and menstrual periods.

Diflucortolone valerate (Diflucortolone 21-valerate) is a corticosteroid esterified with valeric acid. It helps to reduce itching, redness, and swelling.

Naphazoline (Naphcon-a) is a sympathomimetic compound with marked alpha adrenergic activity. Naphazoline can be used as a vasoconstrictor with a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to mucous membrane.

Peptide5 acetate reduces animal swelling, astrogliosis, and neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury. Peptide5 acetate significantly reduces the degree of spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rodent ex vivo model.

Zoniporide hydrochloride is a selective inhibitor of NHE-1 with IC50 of 14 nM which is >150-fold selectivity versus other NHE isoforms. Zoniporide hydrochloride shows an IC50 of 59 nM for NHE-1-dependent swelling of human platelets.

MTP 131 is a mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidant.1,2It localizes to the mitochondria and reducestert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells when used at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 nM.1MTP 131 (2 mg kg) reduces infarct volume, hemispheric swelling, and glutathione (GSH) depletion in a mouse model of acute cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).2It increases survival, improves motor function, and decreases degeneration of the lumbar spinal cord in a superoxide dismutase 1 mutant (SOD1G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) when administered at a dose of 5 mg kg. MTP 131 reduces albuminuria, urinary hydrogen peroxide levels, and mesangial matrix accumulation, as well as preserves superoxide production, in adb dbmouse model of diabetic nephropathy.3 1.Zhao, K., Luo, G., Giannelli, S., et al.Mitochondria-targeted peptide prevents mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in neuronal cell linesBiochem. Pharmacol.70(12)1796-1806(2005) 2.Szeto, H.H.Mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants: Novel neuroprotective agentsAAPS J.8(3)E521-E531(2006) 3.Miyamoto, S., Zhang, G., Hall, D., et al.Restoring mitochondrial superoxide levels with elamipretide (MTP-131) protects db db mice against progression of diabetic kidney diseaseJ. Biol. Chem.295(21)7249-7260(2020)

MLT-943 is a potent, selective, and orally active MALT1 protease inhibitor [1].

Eupalinolide A has the effects of relieving phlegm and relieving cough, clearing away heat and detoxification, diuretic swelling and reducing blood pressure.

S-(+)-Ketoprofen ((S)-(+)-Ketoprofen) works by blocking the action of a substance in the body called cyclo-oxygenase. It belongs to a class of medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cyclo-oxygenase is involved in the production of chemicals in the body called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced in response to injury or certain diseases and would otherwise go on to cause swelling, inflammation and pain. By blocking cyclo-oxygenase, S-(+)-Ketoprofen prevents the production of prostaglandins and therefore reduces inflammation and pain. Along with Peripheral analgesic action it possesses central analgesic action.S-(+)-Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is manufactured by Menarini, under the tradename Keral. It is available in the UK, as S-(+)-Ketoprofen trometamol, as a prescription-only drug and in Latin America as Miracox, produced by Stein in Costa Rica. In Italy it is available as an over the counter-drug under the tradename Enantyum. In Lithuania it is available as over the counter-drug uder tradename Dolmen.

Naproxen ethyl ester is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (the same class as ibuprofen) that relieves pain, fever, swelling, and stiffness. It is a non-selective COX inhibitor.

TC-AQP1-1 is a blocker of the aquaporin 1 channel identified by virtual screening and inhibits water flux through hAQP1 in Xenopus laevis oocyte swelling assays at low micromolar concentrations.

BMS-751324, a p38α MAPK inhibitor, features a carbamyl-methyl linkage precursor with esters and phosphate functional groups from hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA). It effectively reduces foot swelling and suppresses LPS-induced TNFα production in an arthritic rat model.

Berotralstat (BCX7353) is a second-generation, synthetic, and orally active plasma kallikrein inhibitor with low toxicity. It is highly specific and effectively used in the research of hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks. Berotralstat functions by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of plasma kallikrein, which is responsible for the release of bradykinin. This blocking mechanism targets the major biologic peptide involved in the promotion of swelling and pain associated with HAE attacks[1][2].

ISIS 104838 is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), a contributor to pain and swelling in rheumatoid arthritis joints.

Body Protection Compound 157 (BPC 157) is a pentadecapeptide derived from BPC, identified in gastric juice, exhibiting diverse biological activities. At 2 µg/ml, BPC 157 enhances primary rat tendon fibroblast cell migration and F-actin formation. Furthermore, doses of 0.01 and 10 µg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), mitigate paw swelling, bone erosion, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the joints of rats with rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). It also diminishes gastric ulcer size in rats caused by indomethacin, aspirin, or diclofenac at these doses. Additionally, BPC 157 reduces catalepsy duration and tremor severity in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease triggered by MPTP.

(S)-Ketoprofen-d3 is a deuterated compound of (S)-Ketoprofen. (S)-Ketoprofen has a CAS number of 22161-81-5. Dexketoprofen works by blocking the action of a substance in the body called cyclo-oxygenase. It belongs to a class of medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cyclo-oxygenase is involved in the production of chemicals in the body called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced in response to injury or certain diseases and would otherwise go on to cause swelling, inflammation and pain. By blocking cyclo-oxygenase,  dexketoprofen prevents the production of prostaglandins and therefore reduces inflammation and pain. Along with Peripheral analgesic action it possesses central analgesic action. Dexketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is manufactured by Menarini, under the tradename Keral. It is available in the UK, as dexketoprofen trometamol, as a prescription-only drug and in Latin America as Miracox, produced by Stein in Costa Rica. In Italy it is available as an over the counter-drug under the tradename Enantyum. In Lithuania it is available as over the counter-drug uder tradename Dolmen.

Dexamethasone acetate monohydrate is an adrenocortical steroid. It is used in the treatment of many conditions, including rheumatic problems, a number of skin diseases, asthma, severe allergies, chronic obstructive lung disease, brain swelling, croup, and antibiotics

Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) sodium is an orally active, selective inhibitor of COX-1 (IC50 = 13 μM) that inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and induces cell apoptosis. It is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent and a nitric oxide (NO) donor, used in research on pain, swelling, inflammation, infection, immunology, and cancers [1] [2] [5] [8].

Viscidulin II can be potential therapeutic agents against P. acnes-induced skin inflammation, it can significantly suppress P. acnes-induced IL-8 and IL-1β production in THP-1 cells, concomitant intradermal injection of viscidulin II with P. acnes can effectively attenuate P. acnes-induced ear swelling, and decrease the production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in ear homogenates.

Peptide5 TFA, a connexin 43 mimetic peptide, mitigates swelling, astrogliosis, and neuronal cell death in animal models of spinal cord injury, and suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome, functioning as an anti-inflammatory agent (1) (2) (3).

Berotralstat HCl is a novel selective inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, blocking the enzymatic activity of plasma kallikrein in releasing bradykinin, the major biologic peptide that promotes swelling and pain associated with attacks of HAE.

Naproxen glucuronide is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (the same class as ibuprofen) that relieves pain, fever, swelling, and stiffness. It is a nonselective COX inhibitor.

BI-9627 is a selective and potent sodium hydrogen exchange isomer 1 (NHE1) inhibitor.BI-9627 partially reverses the effects of DMA with IC50 values of 6 and 31 nM in the intracellular pH recovery (pHi) and human platelet lysis assays.BI-9627 is often used as a negative control for BI-0054, which can be used for the study of ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated hearts. BI-9627 is often used as a negative control for BI-0054 and can be used to study ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated hearts.

R-130823 is a ighly selective inhibition against mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha (IC50=22 nM). The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8 was inhibited in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood pretreated by R-130823 , with IC50 values of 0.089, 0.066, 0.95 and 0.16 microM, respectively. R-130823 reduced the established hind paw swelling in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, while methotrexate showed no suppression. In the same model, R-130823 ameliorated adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia with rapid onset and long duration comparable to a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib.

Sulindac (sodium) (MK-231) is an orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Sulindac (sodium) is used to reduce pain, swelling, and joint stiffness from arthritis. Sulindac is also used for the research of arthritis of the spine, gouty arthritis. Sulindac (sodium), as an immunomodulatory agent, can downregulate PD-L1 through the blockade of NF-κB signaling and modulates the response of pMMR colorectal cancer (CRC) to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, inhibits the development and progression of colorectal cancer CRC. Sulindac (sodium) also inhibits TGF-β1- induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and suppresses lung cancer cell migration and invasion via downregulation of SIRT1 [1] [2].

Streptochlorin is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from Streptomyces sp. SF2583 that has diverse biological activities, including antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and anti-allergic properties. It inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity and decreases proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μM. Streptochlorin (12 μg/ml) decreases viability of, as well as induces apoptosis and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in, Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It does not induce cytotoxicity in RBL-2H3 mast cells at concentrations up to 100 μM. Streptochlorin prevents degranulation in antigen-stimulated mast cells, as well as inhibits Syk kinase and the Src family kinases LYN and Fyn and reduces the secretion of TNF-α and IL-4 induced by dinitrophenyl-human serum album (DNP-HSA) in RBL-2H3 mast cells. It also decreases swelling and reduces scratching behavior in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB).

BIX HCl is a sodium-hydrogen exchange type 1 inhibitor.

Piriprost is a leukotriene inhibitor attenuates the smoke-induced increase in alveolar-capillary barrier permeability and decrease in plasminogen activator activity and causes a swelling of type I alveolar epithelium.

NX-7081 is a novel small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90, which blocks components of inflammation, including cytokine production, protein kinase activity, and angiogenic signaling. SNX-7081 showed strong binding affinity to Hsp90 and expected induction of Hsp70. NF-kappaB nuclear translocation was blocked by SNX-7081 at nanomolar concentrations, and cytokine production was potently inhibited. Growth factor activation of ERK and JNK signaling was significantly reduced by SNX-7081. NO production was also sharply inhibited. In animal models, SNX-4414 fully inhibited paw swelling and improved body weight.

MPM-1, a mimic of marine Eusynstyelamides, serves as an effective anticancer agent. It swiftly induces a necrosis-like death in cancer cells in vitro, facilitates immunogenic cell death, and disrupts autophagy, leading to lysosomal swelling in cancer cells.

DCPIB, a known specific and potent inhibitor of volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC),DCPIB displayed superior selectivity toward TRESK with an IC50 of 0.14 μM, demonstrating at least 100-fold higher affinity over TREK1/TRAAK channels.

JAK-IN-34 (compound 11n) is a potent inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAKs), demonstrating IC50 values of 0.40 nM for JAK1, 0.83 nM for JAK2, 2.10 nM for JAK3, and 1.95 nM for TYK2. It effectively reduces joint swelling while maintaining a good safety profile [1].

Agaricic acid is an adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist.It is obtained from various plants of the fungous tribe, i.e. Polyporus officinalis and Polyporus igniarius. Agaric acid (Agaricinic Acid) induces mitochondrial permeability transition through its interaction with the adenine nucleotide translocase. Agaric acid promotes efflux of accumulated Ca 2+, collapse of transmembrane potential, and mitochondrial swelling. Agaric acid is used to regulate lipid metabolism.

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (1-20) (IRBP1-20), a dodecapeptide fragment of retinoid-binding protein 3, plays a crucial role in pigment regeneration by facilitating the transport of retinol and retinal between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. It has been utilized to provoke autoimmune uveoretinitis in C57BL/6 mice, possessing the H-2b haplotype. Furthermore, IRBP1-20 at a concentration of 3 µM enhances the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 from primary mouse spleen lymphocytes. Immunization and subsequent rechallenge with IRBP1-20 lead to increased ear swelling, inflammation of ocular blood vessels, infiltration by immune cells, damage to the photoreceptor layer, and retinal detachment in IFN-γ-deficient mice.

Piroxicam betadex is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The mechanism of action of piroxicam is as a cyclooxygenase Inhibitor. It is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. It is used to reduce pain, swelling, and joint stiffness from arthritis. Reducing these symptoms helps you do more of your normal daily activities.

Anti-inflammatory agent 40 is a promising, orally-active compound with anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory properties that effectively inhibits carrageenan-induced paw swelling in vivo.

Antitrypanosomal agent 12, a C20-phenylthiourea, exhibits trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities, demonstrating antitrypanosomal activity with GI50 values of 0.22 μM. It induces faster cell swelling in bloodstream-form trypanosomes compared to Salinomycin [1].

Compound 7h (Anti-inflammatory agent 46), exhibiting nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory properties, demonstrates high affinity for iNOS through low binding energies and effectively reduces swelling in mouse models at a dose of 10 mg kg [1].

Connexin43 mimetic peptide. Reduces swelling, astrogliosis, neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury ex vivo and in vivo. Exhibits analgesic effects in models of neuropathic pain. O'Carroll et al (2008) Connexin 43 mimetic peptides reduce swelling, astrogliosis and neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury. Cell.Commun.Adhes. 15 27 PMID:18649176 |Mao et al (2017) Characterisation of Peptide5 systemic administration for treating traumatic spinal cord injured rats. Exp.Brain.Res. 235 3033 PMID:28725925 |Kim et al (2017) Characterising the mode of action of extracellular Connexin43 channel mimetic peptides in an in vitro ischemia injury model. Biochem.Biophys.Acta. 1861 68 PMID:27816754 |Tonkin et al (2017) Attenuation of mechanical pain hypersensitivity by treatment with Peptide5, a connexin-43 mimetic peptide, involves inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in nerve-injured mice. Exp.Neurol. 300 1 PMID:29055716

Ketoprofen (RP-19583) is a propionic acid derivative and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. It inhibits cyclo-oxygenase I and II, decreasing the formation of prostaglandin and thromboxane precursors. This reduction in prostaglandin synthesis, mediated by prostaglandin synthase, is responsible for its therapeutic effects. Additionally, Ketoprofen decreases thromboxane A2 formation via thromboxane synthase, inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Ketoprofen lysine salt is a lysine salt of ketoprofen, a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug