visceral

Vaspin (Visceral Adipose-Specific SERPIN) is a newly described adipokine. Vaspin has three β-sheets, nine α-helices, and one central loop; the structure is part of the set of distinctive features that are descriptive of Serpin family members. Vaspin is also a unique insulin sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. A recent publication indicates that Vaspin mRNA expression in visceral fat is positively correlated with BMI and percent of body fat. and could be associated with parameters of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism. These findings suggest a potential clinical use for Vaspin in ameliorating certain aberrations seen in the obesity metabolic syndrome.

Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. Neurotrophin 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.7 kDa and the accession number is P20783.

Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. Neurotrophin 3 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 21.1 kDa and the accession number is P18280.

Serpins are the largest and most diverse family of protease inhibitors. Most serpins control proteolytic cascades, certain serpins do not inhibit enzymes, but instead perform diverse functions such as storage (ovalbumin, in egg white), hormone carriage proteins (thyroxine-binding globulin, cortisol-binding globulin) and tumor suppressor genes (maspin). Most inhibitory serpins target chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. These enzymes are defined by the presence of a nucleophilic serine residue in their catalytic site. Some serpins inhibit other classes of protease. A number of such serpins have been shown to target cysteine proteases. These enzymes differ from serine proteases in that they are defined by the presence of a nucleophilic cysteine residue, rather than a serine residue, in their catalytic site.SerpinA12, also known as OL-64, Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, Vaspin, Visceral adipose-specific serpin and SERPINA12, is a secreted protein that belongs to the serpin family. SerpinA12 / Vaspin is expressed in visceral adipose tissues. It may modulate insulin action conceivably only in the presence of its yet undefined target proteases in white adipose tissues. SerpinA12 / Vaspin may be the compensatory molecule in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and SerpinA12 / Vaspin recombinant protein or vaspin-mimicking agents such as vaspin analogs, antibodies or small molecule agents may be the link to drug discovery and development.

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a monomeric 17 kDa immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergy, cancer, and tissue fibrosis. It is secreted by several helper T cell subsets, NK cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and visceral smooth muscle cells. Inhibits inflammatory cytokine production. Synergizes with IL2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. May be critical in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. Positively regulates IL31RA expression in macrophages (By similarity).

Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) , also known as ASM ( acid sphingomyelinase ), is a member of the acid sphingomyelinase family of enzymes. Three isoforms have been identified, isoform 1 is 631 amino acids (aa) in length as the pro form, while Isoform 2 and isoform 3 have lost catalytic activity. The active SMPD1 isoform 1 contains one saposin B-type domain that likely interacts with sphingomyelin, and a catalytic region. Human SMPD1 is 86% aa identical to mouse SMPD1. SMPD1 is a monomeric lysosomal enzyme that converts sphingomyelin (a plasma membrane lipid ) into ceramide through the removal of phosphorylcholine. This generates second messenger components that participate in signal transduction. Defects in SMPD1 are the cause of Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPA) and type B (NPB), also known as Niemann-Pick disease classical infantile form and Niemann-Pick disease visceral form. Niemann-Pick disease is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder. NPB has little if any neurologic involvement and patients may survive into adulthood.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is a mitochondrial protein that regulates the TCA cycle.PDK4, a vital mitochondrial protein, controls the switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation based upon nutrient availability.Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) mRNA has been reported as an up-regulated gene in the heart and skeletal muscle of carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice under fed conditions. PDK4 plays an important role in the inhibition of glucose oxidation via the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).PDK4 gene expression is stimulated by thyroid hormone (T(3)), glucocorticoids, and long chain fatty acids.