behavior

LP-935509 is highly brain-penetrant and reverses fully established pain behavior following the SNL procedure. LP-935509 is also an effective inhibitor of BIKE (IC50=14 nM) and a modest inhibitor of GAK (IC50=320 nM). LP-935509 is a selective, ATP-competit

Rauwolscine hydrochloride (Isoyohimbine hydrochloride) , a natural alkaloid, is a specific and reversible α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (Ki: 12 nM) [1]. It is a stereoisomer of yohimbine, which potently antagonizes both α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors [1]. Rauwolscine hydrochloride also acts as a receptor antagonist at the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor (Ki: 14.3 nM) and as a weak partial agonist at 5-HT1A (IC50: 1.3 μM) [3]. The α2-adrenergic receptor has diverse physiological functions and antagonists like rauwolscine have numerous applications, including the modulation of mood and behavior [5].

Nandrolone decanoate (19-Nortestosterone decanoate) is the decanoate salt form of nandrolone, an anabolic steroid analog of testosterone with androgenic, anabolic, and erythropoietin stimulating effects. Nandrolone enters the cell and binds to and activates specific nuclear androgen receptors in responsive tissue, including the prostate, seminal vesicles, scrotum, penis, larynx, hair follicles, muscle, and bone.

4-tert-Octylphenol, an endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic properties, notably induces apoptosis in offspring mouse brain neuronal progenitor cells. This compound decreases levels of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), mitotic marker Ki67, and phospho-histone H3 (p-Histone-H3), thereby diminishing the proliferation of neuronal progenitors. Consequently, 4-tert-Octylphenol adversely affects brain development and behavior in mice.

Lesopitron HCl is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist with anxiolytic effects that reverses dark avoidance behavior associated with cocaine withdrawal in mice.

Tabernanthalog (TBG) is a 5-HT2A agonist. In rodents,Tabernanthalog has been found to promote structural neuroplasticity, reduce alcohol-seeking and heroin-seeking behavior, and produce antidepressant effects.

2-(2-Aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoa is an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, which can lead to changes in cellular signaling pathways that affect cell behavior.

Ordopidine (ACR325) is a dopaminergic stabilizer that suppresses psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity disorder and stimulates behavior during inactivity. Ordopidine acts as a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist in vitro and, despite its low affinity, its specific state-dependent behavioral effect characteristics are not generally shared by D2 receptor antagonists.

[Lys8] Vasopressin Desglycinamide, a vasopressin analog, supports the maintenance of active and passive avoidance behavior and aids in the facilitation of memory consolidation processes [1].

Flavidin shows very good antioxidant capacity. Flavidin can enhance fluorescent imaging, allowing more sensitive and specific cell labeling in tissues, it should have wide application in molecular detection, providing a general insight into how to optimiz

CCK (27-33) is a C-terminal fragment of CCK , a peptide hormone found in the intestine and brain that stimulates digestion, mediates satiety, and is involved in anxiety. Non-sulfated CCK (27-33) inhibits binding of [3H]naloxone in rat cerebellum membranes (IC50 = 4 uM) and inhibits electrically-stimulated contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum (IC50 = 17 uM), an effect that can be reversed by naloxone. Unlike sulfated CCK (27-33), the non-sulfated form does not reduce exploratory behavior in mice when administered at doses up to 1 uMol/kg.

Sequirin C can inhibit feeding behavior.

5α-dihydro Levonorgestrel is a metabolite of the synthetic progestin levonorgestrel . It lacks in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity, but induces copulatory behavior in male rats when administered at a dose of 1 mg per animal per day.

Betamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid.1It prevents increases in macrophage and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreases in blood leukocyte numbers in a guinea pig model of parainfluenza-3 viral infection when administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg but does not prevent airway hyperresponsiveness after infection.2Betamethasone 21-phosphate inhibits cell infiltration into the aqueous humor in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis when administered topically or subcutaneously at doses of 0.01-1% or 1 mg/kg, respectively.3It increases maximal lung pressure volume curves in fetal sheep when administered to pregnant ewes at 0.75 gestation at doses of 80 and 170 μg/kg.1Betamethasone 21-phosphate increases body weight, impairs learning and memory, increases anxiolytic behavior, and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in CD-1 mice but reduces body weight and increases neurogenesis with no effect on anxiety in high-anxiety DBA/2 mice when administered at a dose of approximately 25 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for seven weeks.4Formulations containing betamethasone 12-phosphate and betamethasone acetate have been used in the treatment of severe allergic conditions and a variety of immune-related conditions. 1.Loehle, M., Schwab, M., Kadner, S., et al.Dose-response effects of betamethasone on maturation of the fetal sheep lungAm. J. Obstet. Gynecol.202(2)186.e181-186.e187(2010) 2.Leusink-Muis, A., Ten Broeke, R., Folkerts, G., et al.Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigsClin. Exp. Allergy29(Suppl. 2)82-85(1999) 3.Tsuji, F., Sawa, K., Kato, M., et al.The effects of betamethasone derivatives on endotoxin-induced uveitis in ratExp. Eye Res.64(1)31-36(1997) 4.Aiello, R., Crupi, R., Leo, A., et al.Long-term betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium treatment has distinct effects in CD1 and DBA/2 mice on animal behavior accompanied by opposite effects on neurogenesisBehav. Brain Res.278155-166(2015)

Endokinin C, a peptide constituent of endokinin, functions as a neurotransmitter or modulator within the pain pathway. Pretreatment with this compound impedes the onset of scratching behavior and thermal hyperalgesia induced by endokinin A/B in mice [1].

Galanin (1-19), human, represents the fragment encompassing amino acids 1 to 19 of the human galanin neuropeptide. Galanin (GAL) is known for its extensive distribution and multifaceted biological roles, such as regulating hormone secretion, providing antinociceptive effects, and altering feeding behavior.

N-Methylnuciferine is an alkaloid derived from Lotus Plumule that ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior.

Tyr-ACTH(4-9) is a behaviorally active peptide utilized in research on learned behavior extinction in rats [1].

Stick Insect Hypertrehalosaemic Factor II, a synthetic peptide, exhibits identical FAB spectra, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic profiles (behavior), and biological activity (behavior) as its natural counterpart and is utilized in researching the hypertrehalosaemic effect [1].

D-DOPA is an enantiomer of the dopamine precursor L-DOPA . It can be converted to L-DOPAviasequential oxidation and transamination, which are mediated by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and DOPA transaminase, respectively, in rat kidney homogenates.1It reduces the number of dopaminergic neurons in primary rat embryonic mesencephalic cultures in a concentration-dependent manner.2Intraventricular administration of D-DOPA (200 μg/animal) increases striatal dopamine levels in rats.3D-DOPA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) induces contralateral turns in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-OHDA .4 1.Wu, M., Zhou, X.-J., Konno, R., et al.D-dopa is unidirectionally converted to L-dopa by D-amino acid oxidase, followed by dopa transaminaseClin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol.33(11)1042-1046(2006) 2.Ling, Z.-D., Pieri, S.C., and Carvey, P.M.Comparison of the neurotoxicity of dihydroxyphenylalanine stereoisomers in cultured dopamine neuronsClin. Neuropharmacol.19(4)360-365(1996) 3.Karoum, F., Freed, W.J., Chuang, L.-W., et al.D-dopa and L-dopa similarly elevate brain dopamine and produce turning behavior in ratsBrain Res.440(1)190-194(1988) 4.Moses, J., Siddiqui, A., and Silverman, P.B.Sodium benzoate differentially blocks circling induced by D-and L-dopa in the hemi-parkinsonian ratNeurosci. Lett.218(3)145-148(1996)

(-)-2-C-Methyl-D-erythrono-1,4-lactone is inactive alone, but elicits oviposition behavior when mixes with other fractions.

7(Z)-Tricosene is an unsaturated cuticular hydrocarbon that acts as a pheromone in some insects, including Drosophila. While it is present in both sexes of some Drosophila species, it is abundant in males, but not females, of D. melanogaster and D. sechellia. In these species, 7(Z)-tricosene prevents or reduces male courtship behavior and increases female sexual receptivity. It is absent from virgin D. melanogaster females, but is transferred from males to females during mating. In addition, mating induces the synthesis of 7(Z)-tricosene by D. melanogaster females, so that it acts as an anti-aphrodisiac in mated females. 7(Z)-Tricosene is also a minor component of labial gland secretion and cuticle of Bombus spp.

Excitin 1, an orally active, CNS-penetrating peptide, modifies rat behavior and alters brain monoamine and amino acid levels [1].

Oxytocin acetate (α-Hypophamine acetate) is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone, a ligand of oxytocin receptor.

Jingzhaotoxin-XII (JzTx-XII) functions as a potent inhibitor of the Kv4.1 channel, exhibiting an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.363 μM. It modulates the channel's gating behavior [1].

Timiperone exhibits a high affinity for cerebral dopamine D2 receptors, demonstrating antipsychotic activity as it mitigates stereotyped behavior. It is utilized in the research of schizophrenia [1] [2] [3].

Desethoxy quetiapine, an active metabolite of the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine, primarily forms through the action of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A5. This compound binds to dopamine D2 receptors with an IC50 value of 1,330 nM. In vivo, desethoxy quetiapine at dosages of 20 and 40 mg/kg mitigates dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and ameliorates swimming deficits in mice, showcasing its potential modulatory effects on dopamine-mediated behaviors.

Human urocortin (hUcn) II is a new member of the corticotropin-releasing-factor (CRF) family. It selectively binds to the CRF2 receptor. Human urocortin II exhibits mild motor-suppressive effects and delayed anxiolytic-like effects，suggesting a time-depen

Escin IIB has positive effects on acute inflammation in animals, it can inhibit the induced by serotonin in rats, the hind paw edema induced by carrageenin, and the scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 in mice.

AMPC, a powerful and efficient inhibitor of TFF3, demonstrates inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, survival, oncogenicity, and CSC-like behavior in TFF3-positive CMS4 CRC cells. It acts as a promising standalone anti-cancer agent and also enhances the effects of 5-FU when used in combination, making it a valuable tool for cancer research.

(S)-V-0219, an enantiomer of V-0219, is an orally active positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the GLP-1 Receptor (GLP-1R). It activates calcium fluxes in HEK cells stably expressing hGLP-1R, demonstrating its oral activity. Additionally, (S)-V-0219 ameliorates high glucose levels in mice and inhibits feeding behavior in fasted mice [1].

Neuropeptide S(Mouse) TFA, an endogenous agonist for the neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) with an EC50 value of 3 nM, plays a significant role in physiological processes by inducing the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. This compound elevates locomotor activity and wakefulness, and simultaneously decreases anxiety-like behavior in mice.

CART(55-102)(rat) TFA, a rat-derived satiety factor, exhibits potent appetite-suppressing properties. This compound is intricately linked to both leptin and neuropeptide Y, playing a crucial role in the regulation of hunger. Moreover, CART(55-102)(rat) TFA has been identified to induce anxiety and stress-related behavior, as documented in studies [1] [2].

Corazonin, a highly conserved neuropeptide hormone prevalent in insects, acts as a key regulator of caste identity and behavior in social insects. It is preferentially expressed in workers and/or foragers across various social insect species [1] [2].

Neuropeptide Y (3-36) (porcine) acts as an agonist for the Y2 subtype of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor, effectively stimulating feeding behavior in rats. This compound exhibits high selectivity for the Y2 receptor compared to the non-selective Y1/Y2 receptor ligand, Neuropeptide Y 1-36 [1] [2] [3].

(p-Iodo-Phe7)-ACTH (4-10), a derivative of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) produced by the anterior pituitary gland, functions as a melanocortin (MC) receptor antagonist. It effectively inhibits α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced excessive grooming behavior in rats [1].

PF-04995274 is an effective, high-affinity, and partial serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4R) agonist. PF-04995274 is brain penetrant and can be used for cognitive disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease. PF-04995274 has an EC50 range of 0.26-0.47 nM for hu

CMLD012073 is a potent eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) inhibitor. It inhibits NIH/3T3 cells (IC50: 10 nM). CMLD012073 inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation by modifying the behavior of the RNA helicase (eIF4A).

Udonitrectag (REC 0559) is a low molecular weight compound developed to emulate the behavior of NGF, with the objective of tackling the challenge of maintaining NGF stability.

1. Acetylcorynoline (O-Acetylcorynoline) has antifungal、anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Acetylcorynoline may be one of the potent immunosuppressive agents through the blockage of dendritic cells maturation and function. 3. Acetylcorynoline is potential as a possible antiparkinsonian drug. (1) Significantly decreases dopaminergic neuron degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in BZ555 strain; (2) Prevents α-synuclein aggregation; (3) Restores food-sensing behavior, and dopamine levels; (4) Prolongs life-span in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated N2 strain. 4. Acetylcorynoline may exert its effects by decreasing egl-1 expression to suppress apoptosis pathways and by increasing rpn5 expression to enhance the activity of proteasomes.

PF-4840154 is a potent, selective agonist of the rat and human TrpA1 channel and elicited TrpA1-mediated nocifensive behaviour in mouse, with EC50 of 97 nM and 23 nM for rTrpA1 and hTrpA1, respectively.

NH-3 is a potent orally active thyroid hormone receptor (THR) antagonist which exhibits reversible behavior, demonstrated by an IC 50 of 55 nM. Derived from the selective thyromi-metic GC-1, NH-3 effectively inhibits the binding of thyroid hormones to their respective receptors, resulting in hindered cofactor recruitment.

Fluconazole (hydrate) is a triazole antifungal agent used for the oral treatment and prevention of both superficial and systemic fungal infections, including but not limited to balanitis, various Candida infections, Cryptococcus infections, dermatomycosis, and fungal infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts. As the hydrate salt form of fluconazole, it exhibits antifungal activity by inhibiting the growth and development of pathogenic fungi, such as Candida species, at minimal inhibitory concentrations often exceeding 100 mg/l. Notably, it disrupts the branching and hyphal formation in C. albicans at concentrations as low as 0.3 mg/l, indicating its potency in comparison to other antifungals like miconazole and ketoconazole which require 100-fold lower concentrations to be effective. Clinical studies have not linked oral fluconazole with a significant increase in the risk of most birth defects, although there may be an associated risk of tetralogy of Fallot. Its efficacy against Cryptococcus gattii in koalas suggests it may be ineffective as a sole therapeutic agent at a dosage of 10 mg/kg orally every 12 h. Toxicity symptoms from overdose can include hallucinations and paranoid behavior.

Anpirtoline free base is a highly potent 5-HT1B receptor agonist. Anpirtoline has been shown to decreases central serotonin synthesis and attenuate aggressive behavior in vivo. Anpirtoline also acts as an antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors and can bypass the blood-brain barrier.

ProMazine-d6 hydrochloride is a deuterated compound of ProMazine hydrochloride. ProMazine hydrochloride has a CAS number of 53-60-1. Promazine hydrochloride is a phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.

Fulicin is a D-amino acid-containing neuropeptide and can control male copulatory behavior in the land snail, Achatina fulica.

Oxytocin free acid, also known as 9-Deamidooxytocin, is an analog of oxytocin where the glycinamide residue at position 9 has been substituted with a glycine residue. Oxytocin, a pleiotropic peptide hormone, has wide-ranging implications for general health, adaptation, development, reproduction, and social behavior.

PF-5006739 is an effective and selective inhibitor of CK1δ/ε (IC50s: 3.9 nM and 17.0 nM, respectively). PF-5006739 is a potential therapeutic agent for a range of psychiatric disorders with low nanomolar in vitro potency for CK1δ/ε and high kinome selecti

Nefazodone hydrochloride (Serzone) is a serotoninergic modulating antidepressant that is used in therapy of depression, aggressive behavior and panic disorder.

β-CGRP,human tissue is one of the calcitonin peptide, through complex behavior of calcitonin receptor like receptor (CRLR) - and receptor activity - modifying proteins (increased), and 1 and 300 - nM CRLR IC50s/RAMP1 and CRLR/RAMP2 cells.