fermentation

Carmoisine (Azo Rubine) is a food dye Azorubine and is used for the purposes where food is heat-treated after fermentation.

Methyl stearate (Methyl Octadecanoate) is found in cloves. Antifoaming agent and fermentation nutrient.

Succinic acid (1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid) is a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.

Fusidic acid (Fusidine) is an antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.

Vanillin (Zimco) is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine.Vanillin can reversibly and non-competitively inhibit the cellulase activity at appropriate concentrations and the value of IC50 was estimated to be 30 g/L.Vanillin protects KSC from UVB irradiation and its effects may occur through the suppression of downstream step of MDM2 in UVB irradiation-induced p53 activation. Vanillin also inhibits yeast growth and fermentation.

Aquastatin A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated fromF. aquaeductuumthat has diverse biological activities.1It is active againstS. aureus(MIC = 32 μg/ml) and inhibits enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (Fabl; IC50= 3.2 μM) andS. aureusfatty acid synthesis (IC50= 3.5 μM).2Aquastatin A also inhibits the Na+/K+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase (IC50s = 7.1 and 6.2 μM, respectively), as well as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B; IC50= 0.19 μM).1,3 1.Hamano, K., Kinoshita-Okami, M., Minagawa, K., et al.Aquastatin A, an inhibitor of mammalian adenosine triphosphatases from Fusarium aquaeductuum. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure determination and biological propertiesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)46(11)1648-1657(1993) 2.Kwon, Y.-J., Fang, Y., Xu, G.-H., et al.Aquastatin A, a new inhibitor of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase from Sporothrix sp. FN611Biol. Pharm. Bull.32(12)2061-2064(2009) 3.Seo, C., Soh, J.H., Oh, H., et al.Isolation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory metabolite from the marine-derived fungus Cosmospora sp. SF-5060Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.19(21)6095-6097(2009)

N-acetyltyramine is a metabolite of the biogenic amine tyramine . It enhances cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in resistant P388 murine leukemia cells with an IC50 value of 0.13 μg/ml compared with an IC50 value of 0.48 μg/ml for doxorubicin alone.

Monensin B is a polyketide compound derived from the bacterium Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Its production involves the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis, resulting in a mixture of Monensin A and Monensin B. The ratio of these two compounds depends on the concentrations of ethylmalonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA.

Cellooctaose, an oligosaccharide comprising eight glucose units, serves as an economical polysaccharide substrate in fermentation processes to support the growth of Lactococcus lactis recombinant strains. Additionally, cellooctaose acts as a substrate for the enzyme beta-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21) [1] [2].

Quinolactacin A1, a powerful acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, originates from the solid-state fermentation of Penicillium citrinum 90648. It is utilized in Alzheimer's disease research.

Neoxaline is an alkaloid isolated from fermentation broth of Aspergillus japonicus.

Diacetyl Agrochelin, an acetyl derivative of Agrochelin, is a compound synthesized through the fermentation of marine Agrobacterium sp. It possesses cytotoxic properties against tumor cell lines.

Milbemycin A4, a distinguished member of the macrocyclic lactones family featuring a unique spiroketal group, is derived from the fermentation of the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus. It acts by enhancing the opening of glutamate and GABA-gated chloride channels, rendering it effective as both a nematocide and insecticide.

Aurantiamide acetate (Asperglaucide) was isolated from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus penicilloides for the first time. Aurantiamide acetate is a selective and orally active cathepsin inhibitor. Aurantiamide acetate has anti-inflammatory activities and can be used for the study of inflammatory diseases[1][2].

D-(-)-Lactic acid is a normal intermediate in sugar fermentation (oxidation, metabolism). It is identified as a competitive inhibitor of ProDH (proline dehydrogenase) in plants.

1,3-Propanediol is a natural product produced by microbial fermentation of glycerol.

1,3-Dihydroxyacetone is the main active ingredient in sunscreen tanning skin care preparations, an important precursor for the synthesis of a variety of fine chemicals, and a food additive that can be produced on an industrial scale by microbial fermentation on Gluconobacter oxydans. 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone has the ability to increase cAMP levels. 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone has the ability to increase cAMP levels.

Viridicatol, with potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus(MIC: 15.6 μg/mL), is isolated from the fermentation of an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. R22 in Nerium indicum.

1. Theaflavine-3,3'-digallate (theaflavin digallate) and lactic acid together could reduce herpes simplex virus transmission.

2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethan-1-ol (3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)indole) is a metabolite formed in the liver after disulfiram treatment that induces sleep in humans. It is also a secondary product of alcoholic fermentation.

Spinosad is a naturally-occurring insecticide found in the the soil bacterium S. spinosa. It is a mixture of the macrocyclic lactones spinosyn A and spinosyn D, which act as agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs).

Agrochelin, an alkaloid cytotoxic antibiotic, is synthesized via fermentation of a marine Agrobacterium sp. This compound demonstrates cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines.

(2R,3R)-Butane-2,3-diol (levo-2,3-Butanediol) is found in cocoa and cocoa products. (2R,3R)-2,3-Butanediol is isolated from cocoa butter and roots of Ruta graveolens (rue).2,3-Butanediol is one of the constitutional isomers of butanediol. The 2R,3R stereoisomer of 2,3-butanediol is produced by a variety of microorganisms, in a process known as butanediol fermentation. It is found in cocoa butter and in the roots of Ruta graveolens.

2,3-Pentanedione is a food additive that also occurs naturally as a fermentation product in beer, wine and yogurt and is released during the roasting of coffee beans. Inhalation of 2,3-Pentanedione is thought to be the cause of severe respiratory disease in humans, including occlusive bronchitis.

Berninamycin D, a cyclic peptide derived from Streptomyces bernensis through fermentation, is recognized as a fungal metabolite [1].

Cyclo(Leu-Val) is a cyclic dipeptide from the fermentation broth of F8712 strain.