Regulator of microtubule stability. When phosphorylated by MAPK8, stabilizes microtubules and consequently controls neurite length in cortical neurons. In the developing brain, negatively regulates the rate of exit from multipolar stage and retards radial migration from the ventricular zone. Stathmin-2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.7 kDa and the accession number is P21818.

Oncomodulin-1 (OM) is a small, calcium-binding protein and a macrophage-derived growth factor, which can promote axon regeneration in retinal ganglion cells. Oncomodulin-1 is constitutively secreted by activated macrophages in the vitreous and retina in response to inflammatory conditions that promote optic nerve regeneration. Oncomodulin-1 binds RGCs with high affinity in vitro, but only when cAMP is pharmacologically elevated or if the membrane is permeabilized allowing Oncomodulin-1 access to the cytosolic compartment. Oncomodulin-1 is a member of the superfamily of calmodulin proteins and is a high-affinity calcium ion-binding protein and contains 2 EF-hand domains. OM is found in early embryonic cells in the placenta and also in tumors. It has some calmodulin-like activity with respect to enzyme activation and growth regulation.

Ninjurin-1, also known as NINJ1, is a member of the Ninjurin family of transmembrane (TM) proteins. It is expressed in CD19(+) CD10(+) B-cell progenitor cells and higher levels in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Ninjurin-1 is expressed also in some other adult and embryonic tissues, predominantly in epithelial cells. Its expression is upregulated after axotomy in neurons and Schwann cells surrounding the distal nerve segment. Upregulated expression of ninjurin-1 has been identified as a marker of minimal residual disease in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It mediates homophilic adhesion and promotes neurite extension of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Ninjurin-1 has been found to show a high expression level in the liver tissue of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and this seems to be associated with cases of cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis. It has been reported that NINJURIN increases p21 expression and induces cellular senescence in human hepatoma cells.

RGMa, also known as RGM domain family, member A, belongs to the RGM (repulsive guidance molecule) family whose members are membrane-associated glycoprotein. RGMa is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that functions as an axon guidance protein in the developing and adult central nervous system. It helps guide Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) axons to the tectum in the midbrain. RGMa has been implicated to play an important role in the developing brain and in the scar tissue that forms after a brain injury. This protein may also function as a tumor suppressor in some cancers.

MPZL2 encodes myelin protein zero-like 2, an adhesion molecule that mediates epithelial cell-cell interactions in several (developing) tissues.Deleterious variants of Mplz2/MPZL2 affect adhesion of the inner-ear epithelium and result in loss of structural integrity of the organ of Corti and progressive degeneration of hair cells, supporting cells, and spiral ganglion neurons. EVA-1/MPZL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.39 kDa and the accession number is O60487.

MPZL2 encodes myelin protein zero-like 2, an adhesion molecule that mediates epithelial cell-cell interactions in several (developing) tissues.Deleterious variants of Mplz2/MPZL2 affect adhesion of the inner-ear epithelium and result in loss of structural integrity of the organ of Corti and progressive degeneration of hair cells, supporting cells, and spiral ganglion neurons. EVA-1/MPZL2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.42 kDa and the accession number is O70255.

C12orf53 is mainly expressed in adult brain and cerebellum. It also can be detected in fetal brain and virtually no expression in spleen, heart, kidney, liver and dorsal ganglion relative to brain. C12orf53 acts as a ligand for PILRA in neural tissues, where it may be involved in immune regulation. Chromosome 12 encodes over 1,100 genes within 132 million bases. A number of skeletal deformities are linked to chromosome 12 including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis and Kniest dysplasia. Noonan syndrome, which includes heart and facial developmental defects among the primary symptoms, is caused by a mutant form of PTPN11 gene product, SH-PTP2. Chromosome 12 is also home to a homeobox gene cluster which encodes crucial transcription factors for morphogenesis, and the natural killer complex gene cluster encoding C-type lectin proteins which mediate the NK cell response to MHC class I interaction.

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase implicated in smooth muscle contraction via phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC). Also regulates actin-myosin interaction through a non-kinase activity. Phosphorylates PTK2B/PYK2 and myosin light-chains. Involved in the inflammatory response (e.g. apoptosis, vascular permeability, leukocyte diapedesis), cell motility and morphology, airway hyperreactivity and other activities relevant to asthma. Required for tonic airway smooth muscle contraction that is necessary for physiological and asthmatic airway resistance. Necessary for gastrointestinal motility. Implicated in the regulation of endothelial as well as vascular permeability, probably via the regulation of cytoskeletal rearrangements. In the nervous system it has been shown to control the growth initiation of astrocytic processes in culture and to participate in transmitter release at synapses formed between cultured sympathetic ganglion cells. Critical participant in signaling sequences that result in fibroblast apoptosis. Plays a role in the regulation of epithelial cell survival. Required for epithelial wound healing, especially during actomyosin ring contraction during purse-string wound closure. Mediates RhoA-dependent membrane blebbing. Triggers TRPC5 channel activity in a calcium-dependent signaling, by inducing its subcellular localization at the plasma membrane. Promotes cell migration (including tumor cells) and tumor metastasis. PTK2B/PYK2 activation by phosphorylation mediates ITGB2 activation and is thus essential to trigger neutrophil transmigration during acute lung injury (ALI). May regulate optic nerve head astrocyte migration. Probably involved in mitotic cytoskeletal regulation. Regulates tight junction probably by modulating ZO-1 exchange in the perijunctional actomyosin ring. Mediates burn-induced microvascular barrier injury; triggers endothelial contraction in the development of microvascular hyperpermeability by phosphorylating MLC. Essential for intestinal barrier dysfunction. Mediates Giardia spp.-mediated reduced epithelial barrier function during giardiasis intestinal infection via reorganization of cytoskeletal F-actin and tight junctional ZO-1. Necessary for hypotonicity-induced Ca(2+) entry and subsequent activation of volume-sensitive organic osmolyte/anion channels (VSOAC) in cervical cancer cells. Responsible for high proliferative ability of breast cancer cells through anti-apoptosis.

Hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 (HBA1), also known as α2β2, is a hetero-tetramer consisting of two α and two β subunits held together by non-covalent interactions. Each subunit contains a heme group with an iron atom in the Fe2+ state. Cooperativity of Hemoglobin (Hb) in binding with O2 and allosteric regulatory binding properties with CO2, H+, Cl−, and 2,3-DPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) are based on subunit interactions. HBA1 is the most common type of Hb in adult humans, which mediates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. In recent years, Hb α and β chains have been found co-expressed in alveolar cells, mesangial cells of the kidney, retinal ganglion cells, hepatocytes and neurons. Endothelial and peripheral catecholaminergic cells express exclusively the α chain, while macrophages present the β chain only.

Cell adhesion molecules belonging to the Cadm family, and in particular Cadm3 (axonal) and its heterophilic binding partner Cadm4 (Schwann cell), mediate these interactions along the internode.over-expressing Cadm3 on the surface of DRG neuron axons results in an almost complete inability by Schwann cells to form myelin segments. Axons of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, which do not normally support the formation of myelin segments by Schwann cells, express higher levels of Cadm3 compared to DRG neurons.

YWHAH, the gene encoding the 14-3-3eta isoform, is highly expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGC). YWHAH is a positional and functional candidate gene for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BP). It is located on chromosome 22q12.3, a region that has been implicated by linkage studies in both BP and schizophrenia.