Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Catechin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, a natural product identified in Ulmus davidiana and Paeonia obovata, demonstrates oral activity and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction and finds utility in the study of intestinal inflammatory diseases [1] [2] [3].

Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate (Potassium 3-indoxyl sulfate) is an agonist for the human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) has recently emerged as a pathophysiological regulator of immune-inflammatory conditions and potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate has been shown to be a ligand for AhR. Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate is also a metabolite of tryptophan derived from dietary protein. Tryptophan is metabolized by intestinal bacteria into indole, which is absorbed into the blood and then further metabolized to indoxyl sulfate in the liver, which is normally excreted in urine. In chronic kidney disease patients where renal function is compromised, potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate can accumulate in serum as a uremic toxin, inducing oxidative stress and accelerating progression of the disease. Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate at 250 μM can induce the activation of NF-Κb, promoting the expression of both TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in proximal tubular cells of rats, which is associated with profibrotic activity.

Aloin B (Isobarbaloin) is an isomer of aloin.1. The extract of A. vera and its active ingredient aloin cause melanin aggregation leading to skin lightening via alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation, the result opens new vistas for the use of A. vera regarding its clinical application as a new nontoxic melanolytic agent for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. 2. Dietary supplementation of aloe components (aloin, aloesin and aloe-gel) can ameliorate intestinal inflammatory responses in a 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis rat model, in particular, aloesin is the most potent inhibitor.

κ-Carrageenan, a natural polymer found predominantly in red seaweeds, can serve as an effective drug carrier for delivering curcumin to cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, κ-Carrageenan holds promise as a potential inflammatory agent, amplifying existing intestinal inflammation.

3-Indoleacrylic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan produced by Peptostreptococcus species. 3-Indoleacrylic acid has a beneficial effect on intestinal epithelial barrier function and mitigates inflammatory responses by immune cells.

Tilifodiolide exerts in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and in vivo antinociceptive effects. Tilifodiolide exerted antidiarrheal activity by decreasing the intestinal fluid accumulation and vasorelaxant effects mediated by nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, it also showed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects by the partial involvement of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and the possible participation of α2-adrenoreceptors, respectively.

Antrodin A (camphorataanhydride A) (AdA) is one of the main active ingredients in the solid-state fermented A. camphorata mycelium. It protects the liver from alcohol damage by improving the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the liver and maintaining the stability of the intestinal flora.