1. Octyl Gallate is an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. 2. Octyl Gallate has antimetastatic activity. 3. Octyl Gallate shows antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 ug/mL. 4. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.5. Octyl Gallate is a potential anticancer agent, it exhibited decreased MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231 survival and induced apoptosis, with IC50 value of 40 uM. 6. Octyl gallate (Octyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) has antiviral activity, it shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HEp-2 or Vero cells. 7. Octyl gallate shows antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii ATCC 60483.

Ethyl gallate (gallic acid ethyl ester) obviously decreases cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, exhibits cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Ethyl gallate can inhibit the abilities of invasion of breast cancer in vitro by inhibiting the mRNA levels of MMP-9/MMP-2, phosphorylation of Akt and protein expression of NF-κB and inhibits hydrogen peroxide signaling, may represent an alternative class of vasopressors for use in septic shock. Also, Ethyl gallate suppresses proliferation and invasion in human breast cancer cells by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway, which may contribute to inhibiting their downstream targets such as NF-κB p-65, Bcl-2/Bax, and mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer cells, could be used as potential antioxidants with safe therapeutic application in cancer chemotherapy.

Anhydrosecoisolariciresinol can significantly decrease the growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines at 50 and 100 microM.

(E)-Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 10-250 and 150->500 μg/ml, respectively) and fungi (MICs = 15-50 μg/ml).1(E)-Ajoene inhibits proliferation of a variety of cancer cells, including MDA-MB-231 breast, HeLa cervical, and WHCO1 esophageal cancer cells (IC50s = 18.6, 61, and 39.2 μM, respectively).2It also inhibits human glutathione reductase andT. cruzitrypanothione reductase when used at a concentration of 200 μM.3(E)-Ajoene (25 mg/kg) is neuroprotective in a gerbil model of ischemia-reperfusion injury, reducing reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis in the hippocampal CA1 region.4 1.Yoshida, H., Iwata, N., Katsuzaki, H., et al.Antimicrobial activity of a compound isolated from an oil-macerated garlic extractBiosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.62(5)1014-1017(1998) 2.Kaschula, C.H., Hunter, R., Hassan, H.T., et al.Anti-proliferation activity of synthetic ajoene analogues on cancer cell-linesAnticancer Agents Med. Chem.11(3)260-266(2011) 3.Gallwitz, H., Bonse, S., Martinez-Cruz, A., et al.Ajoene is an inhibitor and subversive substrate of human glutathione reductase and Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase: Crystallographic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studiesJ. Med. Chem.42(3)364-372(1999) 4.Yoo, D.Y., Kim, W., Nam, S.M., et al.Neuroprotective effects of Z-ajoene, an organosulfur compound derived from oil-macerated garlic, in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemiaFood Chem. Toxicol.721-7(2014)

5-Hydroxyflavone is a natural product

1,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-7-prenylxanthone has anti-cancer activity, it shows moderate cytotoxicities against breast cancer (MDA-MB-435S) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines; it also exhibits moderate activities with GI50 (Growth inhibitory) values of 2.

Alisol A (Alisol-A) may be an autophagic inducer, it has anti-cancer activity, it presents inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines tested(HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 cells).

1. Morusin (Mulberrochromene) possesses antitumor effects of cell lines including HT-29, A549, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, through suppressing STAT3 and NFκB attenuation mediated apoptosis induction. 2. Morusin possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Butyrolactone V is a fungal metabolite that has been found in A. terreus and has antiprotozoal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.1,2,3 It is active against the P. falciparum strain K1 (IC50 = 7.9 μg/ml) and L. amazonensis promastigotes (IC50 = 23.7 μM).2,1 Butyrolactone V (227 and 454.1 μM) is also active against adult S. mansoni worms.1 It scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS radicals with IC50 values of 20.7 and 3.7 μM, respectively, in cell-free assays.3 Butyrolactone V also inhibits proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50s = 22.2 and 31.9 μM, respectively).1

2-Deacetoxytaxinine J shows significant in vitro activity against breast cancer cell line at a concentration of 20 microM and 10 microM in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 respectively.

Trabectedin (Ecteinascidin 743) has potent antitumor activity and the potential for soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer research. Trabectedin inhibits cell growth of MX-1, MCF7 and MCF7/DXR cells with IC50 values of 0.1 nM, 1.5 nM and 3.7 nM, respectively.

Costunolide (Costus lactone) has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and mediates apoptosis.