1. Orientin (Luteolin-8-glucoside) may be regarded as a candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway. 2. Orientin protects vascular barrier integrity by inhibiting hyperpermeability, expression of CAMs, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a therapy for vascular inflammatory diseases. 3. Orientin has neuroprotection effect by the intracellular mediation of caspase activity; may alleviate cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in AD mice; can exert antidepressant-like effects on CUMS mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity.

Geissoschizoline ((+)-Geissoschizoline), with IC50 values of 20.40 µM for human AChE and 10.21 µM for BChE, functions as a potent inhibitor and emerges as a promising multi-target prototype for research into preventing neurodegeneration and restoring neurotransmission. Additionally, it serves as a potent anti-inflammatory agent.

N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Acide aceneuramique) is a nine-carbon sialic acid monosaccharide commonly found in glycoproteins on cell membranes and in glycolipids such as gangliosides in mammalian cells. Studies have shown that N-Acetylneuraminic acid is biologically useful for neurotransmission, leukocyte extravasation, viral or bacterial infections, and carbohydrate-protein recognition.

Picrotin is an inhibitor of glycine receptors. Picrotin blocks α2 GlyR, α1 GlyR, and α3 GlyR and can be used in studies about neurotransmission.

Miltirone is a CYPs inhibitor, it has been characterized as a low-affinity ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors.

Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate is an optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. It prolongs cellular action potential and decreases automaticity. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) provides cellular energy, participates in overall energy balance, and maintains intracellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule through interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a variety of processes including neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodeling.