parasites

SNX0723 is a potent Hsp90 Inhibitor with anti-Plasmodium activity. SNX0723 shows high binding affinity for HsHsp90 and PfHsp90 with Kis of 4.4 and 47 nM, respectively. SNX0723 inhibits liver-stage P. berghei ANKA parasites with the EC50 of 3.3 μM.

ABMA is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of intracellular toxins and pathogens, efficiently protecting cells against various pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites. ABMA selectively acts on host cell late endosomes rather than targeting the toxin or pathogen itself.

Quinine sulfate dihydrate plays a major role in potassium channel blockers. It is also used as an antimalarial, anticholinergic, antihypertensive and a hypoglycemic agent. It inhibits mitochondrial ATP-regulated potassium channel. It is also used to study the metabolism of biocrystalized heme, hemozoin, in malarial parasites and to study the toxicity of heme (FP)-complexes.

Nitroxynil (4-Hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzonitrile) is an anthelmintic compound that effectively targets parasites in both adult and immature stages. It is extensively employed in investigations pertaining to Fasciola hepatica infection.

Toltrazuril (Toltrazurilo), an antiprotozoal agent, has effect on Coccidia parasites.

Pyrimethamine (Pirimecidan) is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), used as an antimalarial drug.

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Acidum iopanoicum) inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. It is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Nitenpyram (Capstar) is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR) agonist, used as veterinary medicine to treat parasites of livestock and pets.

Aklomide (2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzamide) is used in poultry to treat parasites.

Azamethiphos, an organothiophosphate insecticide, is used in Atlantic salmon fish farming to control parasites.

Chiniofon (Ferron), a halogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline, is used as an antiamebic drug. This type of anti-amebic drug exerts an anti-amebic effect by inhibiting intestinal commensal bacteria and affects amoebic dysentery, but has no effect on extra-intestinal amoebic parasites.

Toltrazuril sulfone (Ponazuril) is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon Coccidia parasites.

Allopurinol riboside is a metabolite of allopurinol with potency against parasites. Allopurinol riboside competitively inhibits the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase on inosine with a Ki of 277 μM.

SDZ285428 is a CYP24A1 inhibitor.

Tizoxanide (Desacetyl-nitazoxanide) is a metabolite of lamivudine. Lamivudine (2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine, commonly called 3TC) is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nRTI).

Cambendazole (Novazole) is one of the most effective agents for the therapy of human strongyloidiasis. Cambendazole is a nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.

Epoxyazadiradione is an extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica) plant and may induce mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibition of NF-kB in human cervical cancer cells.

Brilliant green, a cationic dye, is utilized for coloring silk and wool. Additionally, it halts the propagation of mold, intestinal parasites, and fungus, proving effective against Gram-positive bacteria [1] [2].

MMV674850 exhibits potency against asexual stage parasites, with IC50 values of 2.7 and 4.5 nM. Furthermore, it demonstrates a preferential affinity for early-stage gametocytes, displaying an IC50 value of 4.5 ± 3.6 nM, compared to late-stage gametocytes with an IC50 value of 28.7 ± 0.2 nM.

DSM265 (PfSPZ) is a dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase inhibitor with antimalarial activity (IC50: 8.9 nM).DSM265 inhibits the growth of Pf3D7 parasites and can be used for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria infections.

GNF6702 is a selective inhibitor of the kinetoplastid proteasome, demonstrating efficacy against parasites in mouse models of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis.

BRD9185 is an inhibitor of Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with an EC50 of 16 nM against multidrug-resistant blood-stage parasites in vitro.

ELQ-596, a quinolone derivative, exhibits antimicrobial activity against several protozoan parasites, including the intraerythrocytic parasites Plasmodium and Babesia. ELQ-596 attenuates babesiosis in immunosuppressed mice [1].

Antileishmanial agent-20 exhibits selectivity against the Leishmania parasite, with IC50 values of 2.8 μM for L. infantum and 0.2 μM for L. braziliensis. It is a potential research tool for studying these parasites [1].

IWY357 is a substance that has inhibitory effects on malignant malaria parasites in the blood stage and has long-lasting effects.

KAI407 is a potent non-8-aminoquinoline compound that kills Plasmodium cynomolgi early dormant liver stage parasites in vitro. KAI407 showed an activity profile similar to that of primaquine (PQ), efficiently killing the earliest stages of the parasites that become either primary hepatic schizonts or hypnozoites (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] for hypnozoites, KAI407, 0.69 μM, and PQ, 0.84 μM; for developing liver stages, KAI407, 0.64 μM, and PQ, 0.37 μM). KAI407 may represent a new compound class for P. vivax malaria prophylaxis and potentially a radical cure.

Nitroscanate is an anthelmintic found to be effective in certain strains of parasites in canines.

Tebuquine is an antimalarial agent. Tebuquine is active against P. falciparum in vitro. Tebuquine in vitro shows a chloroquine-like effect, but not in vivo, suggesting that its mode of action in vivo is different from that of chloroquine. Tebuquine has no

Toltrazuril sulfone-d3 is a deuterated compound of Toltrazuril sulfone. Toltrazuril sulfone has a CAS number of 69004-04-2. Toltrazuril sulfone is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon Coccidia parasites.

Azamethiphos-d6 is a deuterated compound of Azamethiphos. Azamethiphos has a CAS number of 35575-96-3. Azamethiphos, an organothiophosphate insecticide, is used in Atlantic salmon fish farming to control parasites.

Salviandulin E, a diterpenoid isolated from Salvia leucantha CAV., exhibits antitrypanosomal activity against T. b. brucei GUTat 3.1 parasites, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.72 µg/mL [1] [2].

Piperazine (2HCl) is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and its major effects appear to be on the central nervous system. Piperazine was the anthelmintic with the greatest number of reports of toxicoses and suspected toxicoses in cats. Piperazine neurotoxicity in cats and dogs usually was manifested by muscle tremors, ataxia, and/or behavioral disturbances within 24 hours after estimated daily dose(s) between 20 and 110 mg/kg[1]. For di-substituted derivatives, ciprofloxacin was selected and hybrids were synthesized via substitution at piperazinyl-N4. The reaction of piperazinyl-NH of ciprofloxacin with selected drugs resulted in pronounced growth inhibition of standard as well as resistant bacterial strains[2]. The parent piperazine 6 was found to exhibit a reasonable activity toward the HeLa and MDA MB 231 tumor cell lines (IC50= 9.2 and 8.4 μΜ, respectively)[3]. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) causes mortality of A. galli and H. gallinae after a maximum of 30 min exposure, inhibits malate oxidation by 78%, and inhibits aldolase activity in both parasites. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) also inhibits cholinesterase activity by 96% in Ascaridia galli (A. galli) and 93% in Heterakis gallinae (H. gallinae). Piperazine adipate inhibits oxaloacetate reduction by 26% and 55% in A. galli and H. gallinae, resepctively[4].

FR900098 is a derivative of fosmidomycin that has antimalarial activity (IC50s = 170, 170, and 90 nM for HB3, A2, and Dd2 P. falciparum strains, respectively). FR900098 inhibits DOXP reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. FR900098 (>10 mg/kg, i.p.) eradicated P. vinckei parasites within four days in mice.

(±)-Licarin A ((±)-trans-Dehydrodiisoeugenol), a dihydrobenzofuran neolignan formed via oxidative coupling of isoeugenol with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme, exhibits 100% parasite mortality at 200 μM.

MMV08520 is a novel inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum, killing both blood- and sexual-stage P. falciparum parasites.

Plm IV Inhibitor-2 is a powerful inhibitor of digestive vacuole plasmepsins IV (Plm IV), displaying IC50 values of 24 nM for Plm IV, 70 nM for Plm II, and 0.3 μM for Plm I. It is used in malaria research involving Plasmodium parasites.

Piperaquine tetraphosphate tetrahydrate is a potent anti-parasites agent.

MMV1557817 is an orally active compound that is effective against malaria. The compound exhibits good selective inhibition of aminopeptidases M1 and M17 of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and can effectively block the digestion of hemoglobin by asexual malarial parasites at the end of their life cycle.

DSM705 is a pyrrole-based inhibitor of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH). It demonstrates high potency in the nanomolar range against Plasmodium DHODH and Plasmodium parasites, while not interfering with mammalian DHODHs. DSM705 shows significant efficacy as an antimalarial compound.

Toltrazuril sulfoxide, a transient intermediary metabolite of Toltrazuril, undergoes in vivo metabolism to yield the reactive toltrazuril sulfone (TZR-SO2). Toltrazuril functions as an antiprotozoal agent targeting Coccidia parasites[1].

Trypanothione Synthetase-IN-3, a mixed noncompetitive inhibitor of Trypanothione Synthetase (TryS) with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 0.8 μM, is useful in researching parasites like L. infantum [1].

NPD1335, a potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma brucei phosphodiesterase B1 (TbrPDEB1), exhibits submicromolar activity against T. brucei parasites and an improved cytotoxicity profile. By elevating intracellular cAMP levels, NPD1335 disrupts the cell cycle, leading to cell death [1].

Purfalcamine is an orally active, selective Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 17 nM and an EC50 of 230 nM, exhibiting antimalarial activity by inducing developmental arrest of malaria parasites at the schizont stage[1][2].

Anti-parasitic agent 3 is effective against drug-resistant parasites.

TCMDC-125457 can effectively induce calcium redistribution, but has little effect on inhibiting heme crystallization. When TCMDC-125457 is combined with artesunate, it can effectively treat tightly synchronized artemisinin-resistant ring-stage parasites.

NEU617 is an inhibitor of the growth of protozoan parasites, against T. brucei bloodstream proliferation.

ELQ-650, a quinolone derivative, exhibits antimicrobial activity against several protozoan parasites, including intraerythrocytic Plasmodium and Babesia, and attenuates babesiosis in immunosuppressed mice [1].

Cysteine protease inhibitor-3 (Compound 15), a cysteine protease inhibitor, exhibits anti-plasmodial activity by effectively inhibiting Pf3D7 (IC50 = 0.74 μM), PfW2 (IC50 = 1.05 μM), PfFP2 (IC50 = 3.5 μM), and PfFP3 (IC50 = 4.9 μM), demonstrating efficacy against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant parasites [1].