resveratrol

Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Resveratrol is a potent phenolic antioxidant found in grapes, red wine, and various berries that also has antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity. cis-Resveratrol is the double bond isomer of trans-resveratrol, the more often studied and naturally abundant of the two resveratrol isomers. cis-Resveratrol exhibits antioxidant activity in the µM range similar to that observed with trans-resveratrol. It blocks production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase and also inhibits production of nitric oxide. At a concentration of 100 µM, cis-resveratrol significantly inhibits the expression of genes related to the Rel NF-κB IκB family, adhesion molecules, and acute-phase proteins in LPS and INF-γ-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. cis-Resveratrol inhibits uptake of noradrenaline and 5-HT by synaptosomes from rat brain with IC50 values of 79 and 51 µM, respectively. It also inhibits human monoamine oxidase-A (MOA-A) and MOA-B with IC50 values of 25 and 61 µM, respectively, which is similar to, but slightly less effective than, values obtained with trans-resveratrol.

Triacetylresveratrol (Acetyl-trans-resveratrol) has anti-cancer activity,it inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 and NFκB, down-regulates Mcl-1, and up-regulates Bim and Puma in pancreatic cancer cells.

trans-Trimethoxyresveratrol (MR-3), a natural methoxylated analog of resveratrol, inhibits breast Y cell invasiveness by downregulation of PI3K Akt and Wnt β-catenin signaling cascades and reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Resveratrol 4'-(6-galloylglucoside) (Resveratrol-4'-O-(6 -galloyl)glucoside) is a natural poduct found in the roots of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.).

1. Oxyresveratro can inhibit tyrosinase activity. 2. Oxyresveratro is useful to trauma models, as toxicity to glia could be beneficial by inhibiting reactive gliosis. 3. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) has antioxidant activity, can reduce neuronal oxidative damage and protect hepatocytes against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with activation of Nrf2.

(E Z)-Polydatin (Polydatin), is a natural precursor and glycoside form of resveratrol with a monocrystalline structure. While it is isolated from the bark of Picea sitchensis or Polygonum cuspidatum, Polydatin may be detected in grape, peanut, hop cones, red wines, hop pellets, cocoa-containing products, chocolate products and many daily diets. Polydatin possesses anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activities. It is shown to mediate a cytotoxic action on colorectal cancer cells by inducing cell arrest and apoptosis.

Dihydroresveratrol (3,4',5-Trihydroxybibenzyl) is a major metabolite of resveratrol that is produced by animal-associated bacteria, including the gut microbiota. Dihydroresveratrol and dihydroresveratrol monosulfate are detectable in urine. The physiological effects of dihydroresveratrol have not been investigated.

Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C HDL-C and TC HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.

4'-Methoxyresveratrol (4'-O-Methylresveratrol) is a natural product from the roots of *Rheum palmatum* L., with significant hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. 4'-Methoxyresveratrol alleviates AGE-induced inflammation by suppressing RAGE-mediated MAPK NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Gnetifolin E is a new resveratrol trimer derivative from Gnetum brunonianum.

Resveratroloside has cardioprotective effect, it exhibits α±-glucosidase inhibitory activity, it also can inhibit hydroxylation of testosterone by CYP3A4.

Oxyresveratrol-3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside shows tyrosinase inhibitory activity, it may be a potential candidate as skin-whitening agents without posing any serious side effects.

4'-Prenyloxyresveratrol is a natural product from Morus wittiorum.

Oxyresveratrol-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside shows better tyrosinase inhibitory activities than kojic acid.

Dihydroresveratrol 3-O-glucoside is a natural product fonud in the leaves of Camellia sinensis var. assamica (J.W. Mast.) Kitam.

Oxyresveratrol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Compound 3) is a natural product extracted from the root bark of *Morus atropurpurea*, with potential applications in research on diabetes, arthritis, rheumatism, cough, and headache [1].

Pinostilbene obviously attenuates the phosphorylation of c-Jun and JNK triggered by 6-OHDA.

Rhapontigenin (Protigenin) is a mechanism-based, selective inactivator of cytochrome P450 1A1 (IC50: 400 nM), an aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase which activates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that act as procarcinogens. Rhapontigenin is a natural analog of resveratrol with antioxidant and anti-cancer activity. At higher concentrations, rhapontigenin inhibits the proliferation of HL-60R and HepG2 cancer cell lines (IC50: 48 μM).

Isorhapontigenin (Isorhapotogenin) is a tetrahydroxylated stilbenoid with a methoxy group. It is an isomer of rhapontigenin and an analog of resveratrol. It is found in the Chinese herb Gnetum cleistostachyum, in Gnetum parvifolium and in the seeds of the palm Aiphanes aculeata.

Piceatannol (Astringenin) is an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative agent. It inhibits p56lck and syk protein tyrosine kinases and inhibits NF-κB activation and gene expression of TNF-induced. It is synthetic from the conversion of resveratrol by cytochrome P450 1B1.

δ-Viniferin is a resveratrol dehydrodimer and an isomer of ε-Viniferin (epsilon-Viniferin). ε-Viniferin, the dimer of Resveratrol, exhibits potent inhibitory effects on all CYP activities with K i values ranging from 0.5-20 μM. Additionally, ε-Viniferin possesses strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-neurodegenerative properties [1].

ε-Viniferin (epsilon-Viniferin) a dimer of resveratrol, shows the inhibitory effects of epsilon-viniferin on human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP4A activities.

Vitisin A ((+)-Vitisin A) is a resveratrol tetramer that can be isolated from the roots of Vitis vinifera and possesses antioxidant, anticancer, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities.It ameliorates the impaired learning and memory functions of scopolamine-induced amnesia in ICR mice, and can be used in the study of degenerative diseases.