Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G)(PA) significantly improves cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increases choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and elevates levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, PA also significantly ameliorates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mice; suggest that PA might exert a significant neuroprotective effect on cognitive impairment, driven in part by the modulation of cholinergic activity and neuroinflammation. Polygalacic acid shows significant postingestive effects on Spodoptera littoralis larvae.

1. Nootkatone can provide effective tick control. 2. (+)-Nootkatone has antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet activities. 3. Nootkatone can prevent obesity and improve physical performance through AMPK activation in skeletal muscle and liver.

Bacopaside I is a saponin isolated from Bacopa monniera. Bacopaside I is a modulator of Aquaporin-1 channel, has neuroprotective functions, it has anti-Alzheimer's disease, it ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via immune-mediated clearance of α2-amyloid,exbibits antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging capacity and exerts antidepressant-like effect.

Atractylenolide III (ICodonolactone) may have therapeutic potential in treating homocysteine-mediated cognitive impairment and neuronal injury. Atractylenolide III is a potential candidate for the treatment of human lung carcinoma by inducing the release of cytochrome c, upregulating the expression of Bax and translocating apoptosis-inducing factor.

Amantadine (1-Aminoadamantane) is an antiviral, is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake.

1. Obtusifolin has antioxidant properties and improves chemically induced diabetes and its complications by modulation of oxidative stress. 2. Obtusifolin suppresses phthalate esters-mediated bone resorption, thus may be a novel anti-breast-cancer bone me

Pratensein as a novel transcriptional up-regulator of scavenger receptor class B type I in HepG2 cells.

Tenuifoliside B is a natural product from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia.And is a target lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Tenuifoliside B has cognitive improving and cerebral protective effects. it can inhibit potassium cyanide (KCN)-induced hypoxia and scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice.