Dalzanemdor (SAGE-718) is an NMDA receptor-positive modulator of metabolism that can be used to study Huntington's chorea, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive dysfunction.

GSK-239512 is an antagonist of H3 receptor and can be used in studies about the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.

SKF83959, a benzazepine analog, is a selective and potent partial agonist of the dopamine D1 receptor with Ki values of 1.18, 7.56, 920, and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2, and D3 receptors, respectively.SKF83959 is a potent variant modulator of the sigma (σ)-1 receptor, which ameliorates cognitive dysfunction for the study depression and Alzheimer's disease.

MY33-3 is a powerful and specific inhibitor of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)β/ζ, demonstrating an IC50 value of approximately 0.1 μM. Moreover, MY33-3 exhibits inhibitory activity against PTP-1B with an IC50 value of about 0.7 μM. Additionally, MY33-3 has been shown to effectively decrease ethanol consumption and alleviate neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction induced by Sevoflurane.

OAB-14 is a Bexarotene derivative that improves Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies and cognitive impairments by increasing β-amyloid clearance in APP/PS1 mice. OAB-14 effectively ameliorates the dysfunction of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal(EAL) pathway in APP/PS1 transgenic mice [1] [2].

Cefazolin sodium pentahydrate, a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is employed in diverse bacterial infection research [1] and exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect capable of attenuating post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) [2].

Cefazolin sodium (cephazolin sodium) salt binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Cefazolin sodium salt is the sodium salt of cefazolin, a beta-lactam antibiotic and first-generation cephalosporin with bactericidal activity. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, which results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis.

Amantadine (1-Aminoadamantane) is an antiviral, is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake.

Sarcosine (Methylglycine) is a competitive inhibitor of the type I glycine transporter (GlyT1) and an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist.

Cefazolin is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin that has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.

Amantadine hydrochloride (CI-719) is an antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A and Parkinson disease.

Z-Pro-Pro-aldehyde-dimethyl acetal is a potent prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) inhibitor, effectively impeding the activity of this cytoplasmic serine endoprotease with an IC50 of 12 nM. Its significance is underscored by its role in the modulation of cognitive dysfunction associated with aging and neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease [1] [2].

Selective sigma (σ) receptor ligand. Displays high affinity for σ1; also binds at σ2 sites (Ki = 1.5 nM and 50.8 nM respectively). Selective over a range of receptor types including dopaminergic and muscarinic receptors, DAT and SERT. Prezzavento et al (2007) Novel sigma receptor ligands: synthesis and biological profile. J.Med.Chem. 50 951 PMID:17328523 |Prezzavento et al (2008) A new sigma ligand, (±)-PPCC, antagonizes kappa opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive effect. Life Sci. 82 549 PMID:18261749 |Antonini et al (2009) Anti-amnesic properties of (±)-PPCC, a novel sigma receptor ligand, on cognitive dysfunction induced by selective cholinergic lesion in rats. J.Neurochem. 109 744 PMID:19245662

MY33-3 hydrochloride is a potent and selective inhibitor of the protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPβ/ζ (IC50~0.1 μM). MY33-3 hydrochloride inhibits PTP-1B (IC50~0.7 μM). MY33-3 hydrochloride reduces ethanol consumption and alleviates Sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction.

CI-1002 is a novel anticholinesterase and muscarinic antagonist that can be used to treat cognitive dysfunction in AD with fewer peripheral side effects.

Parecoxib (SC 69124) is an effective and selective COX-2 inhibitor.

SUVN-D4010 is an effective, selective, brain penetrant, and orally active agonist of 5-HT4 receptor partially used to treat Alzheimer's disease and other dementia-related cognitive dysfunction.