eliciting

4-Nonylphenol polyethoxylate (Nonoxinol-9) is a typical surfactant used as a vaginal spermicide. Spermicides are locally acting non-hormonal contraceptives. When present in the vagina during intercourse, they immobilize/inactivate/damage and/or kill sperms without eliciting systemic effects. 4-Nonylphenol polyethoxylate has been in use for more than 30 years as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in creams, gels, foams and condom lubricants. It is the most commonly used spermicidal contraceptive in the UK and the USA. In several European countries, spermicides are no longer on the market.

THIQ is a selective melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist (hMC4R and rMC4R with IC50 of 1.2 nM and 0.6 nM , respectively).

Dihydrocapsaicin (CCRIS1589) is isolated from Capsicum fruit. Capsaicin is the primary active component of the heat and pain-eliciting lipid soluble fraction of the Capsicum pepper. Like capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin is an irritant. Capsaicin is found in natural hot pepper extracts along with a number of impurities, including dihydrocapsaicin and several lesser impurities. Separation by HPLC is required in order to obtain pure dihydrocapsaicin. Dihydrocapsaicin represents about 10% of the compound present in commercial preparations purporting to be pure capsaicin, but it has about the same pungency as capsaicin. VR1 (vanilloid receptor 1) is a heat activated calcium ion channel which functions as a part of the normal nociceptive pain pathway. Capsaicin elicits a sensation of burning pain by activation of VR1 on small, non-myelinated polymodal C-type nociceptive nerve fibers. The potency of dihydrocapsaicin at VR1 appears equivalent to capsaicin. Antioxidant. Reduces oxidation of serum lipids. Mutagenic. Dihydrocapsaicin is an activator of VR1.

RMC-6291 is an orally active, covalent inhibitor of KRAS G12C (ON) that forms a tri-complex within tumor cells between KRAS G12C (ON) and cyclophilin A (CypA), thereby preventing KRAS G12C (ON) from signaling via steric blockade of RAS effector binding and eliciting deep and durable suppression of RAS pathway activity in KRAS G12C tumor models [1].

PF-4840154 is a potent, selective agonist of the rat and human TrpA1 channel, eliciting TrpA1-mediated nocifensive behavior in mouse, with EC50 values of 97 nM and 23 nM for [rTrpA1] and [hTrpA1], respectively.

LTB3 is the LTA hydrolase metabolite of LTA3 in the leukotriene biosynthetic pathway. LTB3 and LTB4 are equipotent in their pro-inflammatory effects. However, LTB3 is five times less potent than LTB4 in eliciting chemotaxis of human neutrophils.

Capsaicin is the primary active component of the heat and pain-eliciting lipid soluble fraction of the Capsicum pepper. Capsaicin signals are transduced by a heat-activated ion channel, the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), or transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). CAY10448 is an iodinated nonivamide, a potent capsaicin receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of approximately 10 nM.

6α-Prostaglandin I1 (6α-PGI1) is a stable Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) analog resistant to hydrolysis in aqueous solutions. It promotes cyclic AMP accumulation in human thyroid slices and cells in a concentration-dependent manner but is about 10-fold less potent than the β-isomer and 100-fold less potent than PGI2 in eliciting this response. 6α-PGI1 exhibits an IC50 of 350 ng ml for inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, nearly 900-fold higher than that of PGI2 (0.4 ng ml).

TET 830 modified T-helper epitope from tetanus toxoid is a T-cell stimulating peptide derived from tetanus toxoid, functioning as a helper peptide in vaccinations to elicit T-cell responses.

OVA Peptide (323-339) constitutes a T and B cell epitope derived from Ovalbumin (Ova), crucial for eliciting immediate hypersensitivity reactions in BALB c mice.

2,3-Diphospho-D-glyceric acid pentasodium salt is a highly anionic polyphosphorus compound located within the concave center of red blood cells, where it decreases oxygen affinity by binding to hemoglobin. This endogenous compound selectively inhibits vascular calcification (VC) and effectively postpones the formation of crystalline calpain particles (CPP). Additionally, it inhibits calcification in the mouse vascular smooth muscle cell line (MOVAS) without eliciting cytotoxic effects [1].

HQ-415, a clinically relevant bioactive metal chelator related to clioquinol, has an effective concentration with an EC50 of 15 μM.

NDNA4 (compound 17) is a selective Hsp90α inhibitor (IC50: 0.34 μM) with permanent charge and low membrane permeability. It demonstrates minimal cytotoxicity against Ovcar-8 and MCF-10A cell lines (IC50 >100 μM) and maintains hERG channel maturation without triggering a heat shock response or degrading Hsp90α-dependent client proteins [1].

Prolactin Releasing Peptide (1-31), human (acetate), is a potent GPR10 ligand with high affinity, eliciting prolactin secretion. It binds to human and rat GPR10 with K_i values of 1.03 nM and 0.33 nM, respectively, and serves as a tool for researching the hypothalamo-pituitary axis [1] [2].

PL-3994, a natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) agonist resistant to neutral endopeptidase, functions as a bronchodilator, eliciting a concentration-dependent relaxation of pre-contracted guinea-pig trachea, evidenced by an IC50 of 42.7 nM [1].

Gly-Gly-Arg, a tripeptide and pumping pheromone, is released from hatching eggs, stimulating pleopod pumping activity in subtidal crustaceans at a threshold concentration of 10 nM and eliciting a maximum response rate of 58.3%. Additionally, this compound plays a role in controlling larval release in these organisms [1].

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide first demonstrated to drive smooth muscle contraction.1Translated as a 174 amino acid propeptide, NMU is cleaved to different lengths in different animals. It has diverse receptor-mediated rolesin vivo, as it regulates feeding, vasoconstriction, nociception, and bone remodeling and contributes to obesity, cancer and septic shock.2,2NMU-25 is the active form of NMU in humans. It binds with high affinity to receptors on human left ventricle and coronary artery (KDs = 0.26 and 0.11 nM, respectively), eliciting endothelium-independent vasoconstriction.3NMU-25 also suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets, and this effect is lost in NMU R165W mutants, resulting in early-onset obesity.4 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBritish Journal of Pharmacology15887-103(2009) 2.Greenwood, H.C., Bloom, S.R., and Murphy, K.G.Peptides and their potential role in the treatment of diabetes and obesityRev.Diabet.Stud.8(3)355-368(2011) 3.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., Kuc, R.E., et al.Expression and vasoconstrictor function of anorexigenic peptides neuromedin U-25 and S in the human cardiovascular systemCardiovascular Research81353-361(2009) 4.Alfa, R.W., Park, S., Skelly, K.R., et al.Suppression of insulin production and secretion by a decretin hormoneCell Metabolism21(2)323-333(2015)

Platycodin D2 , a less hemolytic saponin, can improve specific cellular and humoral responses to hepatitis B surface antigen in mice, it could be safely used as adjuvant eliciting Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Polygalacin D2 has anti-cancer activity, it e

Pezadeftide, a potent antifungal peptide, readily penetrates fungal cells, eliciting an immediate mitochondrial response that leads to hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane [1].

3M-011, a potent dual toll-like receptor TLR7 8 agonist and cytokine inducer, serves as a powerful adjuvant to radiotherapy, eliciting significant local and systemic immune responses. Additionally, it effectively inhibits H3N2 influenza viral replication in the nasal cavity and exhibits strong antitumor activity[1][2][3].

NDNA3 (compound 14) selectively inhibits Hsp90α with an IC50 of 0.51 μM, demonstrating low membrane permeability and minimal toxicity to Ovcar-8 and MCF-10A cells, with IC50 values of 12.66 μM and 11.72 μM respectively. It stabilizes hERG channel maturation without eliciting a heat shock response or degrading Hsp90α-dependent client proteins [1].

RGD Trifluoroacetate is a tripeptide that effectively triggers cell adhesion, targets specific cell lines, and elicits particular cell responses by binding to integrins. It is the most effective and frequently used peptide sequence for stimulated cell adhesion on synthetic surfaces. Among the 24 integrins that bind to ECM molecules in an RGD-dependent manner are α3β1, α5β1, α8β1, αIIbβ3, αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, and to some extent α2β1 and α4β1.