metabolic syndrome

Granotapide is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor that treats and rather prevents atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus, prediabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

UUN44923 is a FTO inhibitor. It may be useful for treating diseases assocd. with FTO targets, obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) , type 2 diabetes (T2D) , Alzheimer's diseases, breast cancers, small- cell lung cancers, a human bone marrow striated muscle cancer, a pancreatic cancer, malignant glioblastoma and the like.

11β-HSD1-IN-12 is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor.11β-HSD1-IN-12 is implicated in the conversion of glucocorticoids in vivo and can be used to study metabolic syndrome and obesity.

GSK1940029 (SCD inhibitor 1) is a stearoyl-coa desaturase (SCD) inhibitor.

HSD-016 is an orally active, selective and potent type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) inhibitor with strong inhibitory effects on human, mouse and rat 11β-HSD1.HSD-016 can be used in the study of diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

K-111 (BM-170744) is an orally available peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonist and insulin enhancer for the study of obesity-type diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome.

1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Pentagalloylglucose (Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) and gallic acid from Pistacia lentiscus have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities. 2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) possesses potent anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects, it also has inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 activity. 3. PGG may serve as a model for the development of new types of anti-diabetic and anti-metabolic syndrome therapeutics. 4. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta- O -galloyl-β- d -glucose has vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects, it dilates vascular smooth muscle and suppresses the vascular inflammatory process via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling. 5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose can decrease the level of extracellular hepatitis B virus (HBV) (IC5, 1. microg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner, it also can reduce the HBsAg level by 25% at a concentration of 4 microg/ml; the gallate structure of PGG may play a critical role in the inhibition of anti-HBV activity, suggests that PGG could be a candidate for developing an anti-HBV agent. 6. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose has anti-parasitic activity, displays an EC5 value of 67 μM, at least 6.6-fold more effective than the standard drug benznidazole against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi.

Lumiracoxib (Prexige) is a novel, selective COX-2 inhibitor with IC50 and Ki of 0.14 μM and 0.06 μM, exhibits 515-fold selectivity over COX-1. Phase 4.

Febuxostat (TEI 6720) is a xanthine oxidase Inhibitor.

L-hydroxy Arginine is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase in the catabolism of L-arginine to form nitric oxide. It has been used as a biomarker for reduced nitric oxide formation in patients with cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.

WAY-328127 is an active molecule, exhibiting an inhibitory effect on the (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1) [(11β-HSD1)] enzyme. This modulation potentially leads to therapeutic applications in metabolic disorders, including (type 2 diabetes) [(T2D)] and metabolic syndrome. Its action in selectively downregulating (11β-HSD1) in adipose tissue suggests a favourable profile for addressing hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.

1-Deoxysphingosine (m18:1(4E)) is an atypical sphingolipid that contains a double bond at the 4E native position and is formed when serine palmitoyltransferase condenses palmitoyl-CoA with alanine instead of serine during sphingolipid synthesis.1,2 Plasma levels of 1-deoxysphingosine (m18:1(4E)) are increased in patients with chronic idiopathic axonal neuropathy (CIAP) and diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN).3 |1. Steiner, R., Saied, E.M., Othman, A., et al. Elucidating the chemical structure of native 1-deoxysphingosine. J. Lipid Res. 57(7), 1194-1203 (2016).|2. Alecu, I., Othman, A., Penno, A., et al. Cytotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids are metabolized by a cytochrome P450-dependent pathway. J. Lipid Res. 58(1), 60-71 (2017).|3. Hube, L., Dohrn, M.F., Karsai, G., et al. Metabolic syndrome, neurotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids and nervous tissue inflammation in chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP). PLoS One 12(1):e0170583, (2017).

Octanoyl coenzyme A (octanoyl-CoA) is a medium-chain acyl CoA and a metabolic intermediate in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Levels of octanoyl-CoA are increased in the liver of patients with Reye's syndrome and β-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA by medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCADH) is decreased in patients with MCADH deficiency (MCD). Octanoyl-CoA inhibits citrate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase.

12(S)-HETE is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism through the 12-lipoxygenase pathway. It is primarily found in platelets, leukocytes, and to a lesser extent in smooth muscle cells. It enhances tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells, fibronectin, and the subendothelial matrix. tetranor-12(S)-HETE is the major β-oxidation product resulting from peroxisomal metabolism of 12(S)-HETE in numerous tissues, and Lewis lung carcinoma cells. No biological function has yet been determined for tetranor-12(S)-HETE. Some data indicate it may play a role in controlling the inflammatory response in injured corneas. In some diseases (e.g., Zellweger's Syndrome) peroxisomal abnormalities result in the inability of cells to metabolize 12(S)-HETE, which may be responsible for symptoms of the disease. The tetranor derivative of 12(S)-HETE is available as a research tool for the elucidation of the metabolic fate of its parent compound.

WAY-297848 is a novel glucokinase activator for the prevention or treatment of hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome.

AZ-Dyrk1B-33 (3-(2-Methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine) is a potent and selective Dyrk1B kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 7 nM.

Palmitic acid-13C (C1, C2, C3, and C4 labeled) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.1,2Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.1Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.3,4 1.Fatima, S., Hu, X., Gong, R.-H., et al.Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease developmentCell. Mol. Life Sci.76(13)2547-2557(2019) 2.Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al.Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patientsAnn. Nutr. Metab.39(1)52-62(1995) 3.Yi, L.-Z., He, J., Liang, Y.-Z., et al.Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDAFEBS Lett.580(30)6837-6845(2006) 4.Kabagambe, E.K., Tsai, M.Y., Hopkins, P.N., et al.Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and the metabolic syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN studyClin. Chem.54(1)154-162(2008)

Norlichexanthone has the potential to treat and/or prevent lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Norlichexanthone has antibacterial and antimalarial activity, it has strong activity against Bacillus subtilis with an IC50 range of 1- 5uM, and also has strong inhibitory effect on the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with an IC50 of 20.95±1.56 uM.

ATF3 Inducer 1 is a potent activator of ATF3, enhancing both ATF3 protein and mRNA levels, and exhibits anti-metabolic syndrome (anti-MetS) activity in mice [1].

Shizukaol D exerts a growth inhibition effect on liver cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by modulating wnt signalling pathway. Shizukaol D may be used to treat metabolic syndrome, it induces mitochondrial dysfunction by depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane and suppressing energy production, which may result in AMPK activation.

RLX-33 is a potent and selective antagonist of relaxin family peptide 3 (RXFP3) that crosses the blood-brain barrier and also blocks relaxin 3-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. RLX-33 can block the increase in food intake induced by the RXFP3 selective agonist R3/I5 in rats.RLX-33 can be used to study the metabolic syndrome.

MK-0916 is a 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome as well as obesity-related diseases.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipids influenced by dietary changes, playing a crucial role in insulin sensitivity. These compounds typically consist of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxy fatty acid with the same carbon chain length. 13-PAHSA, a derivative where palmitic acid is esterified to 13-hydroxy stearic acid, is notably prevalent in the adipose tissue of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which exhibit enhanced glucose transport via the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. This observation, along with the metabolic benefits seen from other FAHFAs—including improved glucose tolerance, stimulated insulin secretion, and anti-inflammatory properties—suggests that 13-PAHSA may function as a bioactive lipid beneficial in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

13-OAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), results from the esterification of oleic acid to 13-hydroxy stearic acid. It represents a significant component of the FAHFA family, most abundantly expressed in the serum of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice that exhibit adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. Similar to other FAHFAs which are known to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, 13-OAHSA may play a pivotal role in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

15-SAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), is recognized for its involvement in metabolic regulation. This compound comprises stearic acid esterified to 5-hydroxy stearic acid and is notably influenced by dietary changes, such as fasting and high-fat consumption, with a link to insulin sensitivity. SAHSA levels are specifically found to be moderately increased in the serum of AG4OX mice, which are characterized by their glucose tolerance through the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue. Given the established functions of FAHFAs in enhancing glucose tolerance, prompting insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory properties, 5-SAHSA emerges as a potential bioactive lipid implicated in the management of metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

(+)-Cevimeline hydrochloride hemihydrate ((+)-SNI-2011), a potent muscarinic receptor agonist, stands as a promising therapeutic candidate for treating xerostomia in Sjogren's syndrome. This compound has demonstrated a broad pharmacological profile across various systems including gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive, in animal models such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs. Its metabolism was assessed in vitro using rat and dog liver microsomes, revealing that (+)-SNI-2011 is rapidly absorbed with peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) reached within one hour post-oral administration, followed by a decline with a half-life (t1/2) ranging from 0.4 to 1.1 hours. Bioavailability was recorded at 50% in rats and 30% in dogs. Metabolic analysis indicated species-specific differences, with rats producing both S- and N-oxidized metabolites and dogs only producing N-oxidized metabolites. Additionally, sex-based differences in pharmacokinetics were observed in rats but not in dogs. The in vitro study highlighted the involvement of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) in the sulfoxidation and N-oxidation of SNI-2011, respectively, with CYP2D and CYP3A being primarily responsible for sulfoxidation in rat liver microsomes.

SAR247799 (S1P1 agonist 3) is an orally-active, selective G-protein-biased agonist for the sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1). It demonstrates EC50 values ranging from 12.6 to 493 nM in S1P1-overexpressing cells and HUVECs. SAR247799 holds promise as a valuable tool for investigating endothelial protection, particularly in the context of type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome[4].

INU-101 is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. In KKAy mice, ob/ob mice, and ZDF rats, oral administration of INU-101 led to enhanced insulin sensitivity and the lowering of the fasting level of glucose in the blood. INU-101 therefore shows promise as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

PPARγ-IN-2 (Compound 5a), a PPARγ inhibitor, exhibits an EC50 of 0.106 μM in inhibiting TG accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ-IN-2 counteracts obesity and associated metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat cholesterol (HFC) diet and diminishes lipid accumulation in adipose tissue [1].

13-SAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), has been found to be involved in metabolic regulation, particularly in relation to fasting, high-fat feeding, and insulin sensitivity. This compound is a synthesis of stearic acid and 13-hydroxy stearic acid. Notably, 13-SAHSA levels are found to be moderately increased in the serum of AG4OX mice, which are characterized by their glucose tolerance and expression of the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in their adipose tissue. Similar to other FAHFAs, 13-SAHSA is believed to play a significant role in enhancing glucose tolerance, stimulating insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects, indicating its potential importance in addressing conditions related to metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) have emerged as significant regulators of metabolic processes, influenced by dietary changes such as fasting and high-fat diets, and are linked to improved insulin sensitivity in mice. These compounds typically feature a fatty acid chain, either C-16 or C-18 in length (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid), esterified to a hydroxy fatty acid of similar length. A specific FAHFA, 12-POHSA, involves the esterification of palmitoleic acid to the 12th carbon of stearic acid. Notably, 12-POHSA levels are markedly higher in the serum of AG4OX mice, which exhibit enhanced glucose tolerance due to overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue. Given the capacity of FAHFAs to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory actions, 12-POHSA holds potential as a bioactive lipid implicated in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

AMPK activator 7 (compound I-3-24) is an AMPK activator (EC50: 8.8 nM). AMPK activator 7 can be used in studies involving AMPK disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes, hyperglycaemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia and/or hypertension.

Caulophyllogenin is a partial PPARγ agonist (EC50 = 12.6 μM) derived from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus (Araliaceae). Caulophyllogenin inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and can be used in studies about the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases, type-2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Norbixin, a carotenoid found in B. orellana, exhibits various biological activities including binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with a Ki of 1.15 µM in a cell-free assay. At a dosage of 47.7 mg/kg, norbixin effectively alleviates hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, in addition to reducing serum lipid levels, cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione (GSH) in rat cardio-metabolic syndrome models. It also lowers serum levels of oxidized LDL, aortic protein oxidation, and the atherosclerotic area in a rabbit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis model. Furthermore, norbixin, administered at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg per day, minimizes mercury-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes and leukocytes and prevents photoreceptor degeneration in an Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- mouse model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

13-POHSA (palmitoleic acid esterified to 13-hydroxy stearic acid) is a type of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), which have recently been discovered as endogenous lipids whose levels are modulated by fasting and high-fat diets, and are linked to insulin sensitivity in mice. Notably, the concentration of 13-POHSA in the serum significantly increases in glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, a model that overexpresses the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue, suggesting its physiological relevance. Like other FAHFAs, 13-POHSA is believed to enhance glucose tolerance, promote insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory properties, highlighting its potential importance in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), endogenous lipids influenced by fasting and high-fat diets, are linked to improved insulin sensitivity in mice. These molecules consist of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) bonded to a C-16 or C-18 hydroxy fatty acid. A specific FAHFA, 5-POHSA, features palmitoleic acid esterified with hydroxy stearic acid at the 5th carbon. Elevated levels of 5-POHSA in the serum of AG4OX mice, which express high levels of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue, correlate with glucose tolerance. Like other FAHFAs that enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, 5-POHSA may play a role in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are recent discoveries in endogenous lipids that are influenced by dietary changes such as fasting and high-fat diets, showing a link with enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice. These compounds typically feature a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) bound to a hydroxy group on another C-16 or C-18 fatty chain. A specific FAHFA, 9-POHSA, consists of palmitoleic acid connected at the hydroxy stearic acid’s 9th position. This molecule, in particular, exhibits notably increased levels in the serum of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which express the Glut4 glucose transporter predominantly in their adipose tissue. Given the broader family of FAHFAs' roles in enhancing glucose tolerance, promoting insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects, 9-POHSA emerges as a potential bioactive lipid involved in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Prokineticin 2 Isoform 2 (human), a hypothalamic neuropeptide, regulates thermoregulation and energy metabolism while decreasing food intake in rodents. This isoform is implicated in the study of metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, and hyperglycemia [1].

Apelin-13 is a 13-amino acid peptide sequence found in the central and peripheral nervous system that is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor angiotensin II protein J (APJ), with an EC50 value of 0.37 nM for APJ.Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activity and can be used to study type 2 diabetic syndrome. Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activities and can be used to study type 2 diabetes syndrome.

DGAT1-IN-3 is a selective, potent, orally active DGAT-1 inhibitor that inhibits human DGAT-1 (IC50: 38 nM) and rat DGAT-1 (IC50: 120 nM).DGAT1-IN-3 can be used in studies of obesity, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome.

10-PAHSA is a newly identified endogenous lipid that belongs to a collection of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). It is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. As other FAHFAs improve glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and have anti-inflammatory effects, 10-PAHSA may be a bioactive lipid with roles in metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

CP-610431 is a reversible, ATP-uncompetitive inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), exhibiting isozyme nonselectivity. It inhibits both ACC1 and ACC2 with IC50 values of approximately 50 nM. CP-610431 offers potential application in metabolic syndrome research.

1. gamma-Mangostin (Normangostin) as a preventive agent of the metabolic syndrome. 2. Gamma-Mangostin has free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in HepG2 cells. 3. Gamma-Mangostin could serve as a micronutrient for colon cancer prevention and is a potential lead compound for the development of anti-colon cancer agents. 4. Gamma-Mangostin may acts as an antihypertensive agent , by causing vasorelaxation which is mediated via the NO-cGMP pathway.

Voacamine (Voacanginine) is an indole alkaloid. Voacamine exhibits potent cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonistic activity. Voacamine also inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp) action in multidrug-resistant tumor cells.Voacanginine may have rhythmic effects.

Fluasterone, an NF-κB activation inhibitor, is used potentially for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

KQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS is a Exendin-4 peptide derivative. Exendin-4 is a pure GLP-1 receptor agonist. Exendin-4 peptide derivatives are structurally derived from Exendin-4 and may relates to dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists. Their medical use, for example in the treatment of disorders of the metabolic syndrome, including diabetes and obesity, as well as for reduction of excess food intake. These dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists show reduced activity on the GIP receptor to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia[1]. [1]. US20150315260 A1

AMPK activator 6 (Compound GC) activates the AMPK pathway and reduces lipid content in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. AMPK activator 6 significantly suppresses the increase of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and other biochemical indices in blood serum. AMPK activator 6 has research value in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome .

K118 is an inhibitor of SH2-containing inositol 5' phosphatase 1 (SHIP1). It reverses diet- and age-associated obesity and metabolic syndrome.

10-OAHSA is a newly discovered endogenous lipid categorized within the group of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). This specific FAHFA comprises oleic acid esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. It stands out among its FAHFA counterparts for its potential bioactive properties, similar to other members of its family such as PAHSAs, which are notably prevalent in the adipose tissue of AG4OX mice exhibiting glucose tolerance due to overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. Like other FAHFAs, 10-OAHSA may play significant roles in enhancing glucose tolerance, stimulating insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects, which suggests its importance in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

10-SAHSA, an endogenous lipid recently discovered, is part of the FAHFAs, a group of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. It specifically consists of stearic acid esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. Notably, PAHSAs, closely related to 10-SAHSA, are significantly present in the adipose tissue of AG4OX mice that are glucose tolerant due to the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in their adipose tissue. Similar to other FAHFAs, which are known to improve glucose tolerance, promote insulin secretion, and possess anti-inflammatory properties, 10-SAHSA is considered a potential bioactive lipid with implications for metabolic syndrome and inflammation management.

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.1 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.2 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.2,3,4,5,6 |1. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|2. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|3. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|4. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|5. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|6. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid-13C contains 13C at the C2 position and has been used in the study of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids in soil microbes.1 Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.2 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.3 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.3,4,5,6,7 |1. Dippold, M.A., and Kuzyakov, Y. Direct incorporation of fatty acids into microbial phospholipids in soils: Position-specific labeling tells the story. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 174(1), 211-221 (2016).|2. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|3. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|4. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|5. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|6. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|7. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

Palmitic acid-13C2 is the 13C-labeled Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

Sodium palmitate-13C is the 13C-labeled variant of palmitic acid, a long-chain saturated fatty acid prevalent in animals and plants. This compound has been shown to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid (Cetylic acid) is a natural product, a common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Palmitic acid has antitumor activity.

Palmitic acid-13C16 sodium, a 13C-labeled form of the naturally occurring saturated fatty acid Palmitic acid sodium, is prevalent in animals and plants. This compound can trigger the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid sodium (Sodium palmitate) is a type of saturated fatty acid that is formed in fatty acid synthesis.Palmitic acid sodium promotes adipogenesis and cellular lipoatrophy in a variety of cell lines.