pkc-12

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) belongs to the phorbol ester group of natural products and is an activator of PKC, SphK, and NF-κB. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces THP1 cell differentiation.

Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid.

Piceatannol (Astringenin) is an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative agent. It inhibits p56lck and syk protein tyrosine kinases and inhibits NF-κB activation and gene expression of TNF-induced. It is synthetic from the conversion of resveratrol by cytochrome P450 1B1.

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties. It can increase glucose-induced insulin secretion and stimulate the electrical activity of α2-cells and enhance cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)).

Sphingosine (d14:1) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has been found in B. mori (silkworm), P. clarkii (crayfish), and A. aurita (jellyfish) extracts. It increases the germination rate of N. rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus, with an EC50 value of 10.2 nM. Sphingosine (d14:1) inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro (IC50 = 7.3 mol%) as well as superoxide generation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in neutrophils and reduces growth of CHO cells (IC50s = 19 and 8 μM, respectively).

UCN-02 is a selective protein kinase C inhibitor produced by Streptomyces strain N-12 (IC50s: 62 nM and 250 nM for PKC and protein kinase A (PKA), respectively).