SARS-CoV-2 nsp3-IN-1 (Compound 15c) shows significant selectivity for coronavirus macrodomains, especially SARS-CoV-2 Mac1. SARS-CoV-2 nsp3-IN-1 can inhibit Mac1 ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity that is an inhibitor of Mac1 (IC50 = 6.1 μM) [1].

SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-IN-1 (compound 16b-3) is a potent, selective and irreversible SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitor (IC 50 = 116 nM) [1].

SARS-CoV-2 nsp14-IN-1 (Compound 3) is a typical dual-substrate inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2Nsp14 Mtase (IC50: 0.061 μM). Histone lysine, protein arginine, DNA and RNA, etc.).

SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-1 (Compound 14c) is a highly potent inhibitor specifically designed to target and inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro, which is a cysteine-protease found in the main coronaviruses. This particular enzyme has been recognized as a highly promising target for the development of effective antiviral drugs. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-1 holds significant potential for advancing research and development in the field of infectious diseases [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of Mpro(SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, SARS-CoV Mpro and MERS-CoV Mpro with IC50s of 0.67, 0.90 and 0.58 μM, respectively).

SARS-CoV-2 nsp13-IN-1 is an nsp13 with antiviral activity that inhibits the nsp13 ssDNA+ATPase, which can be used in the study of COVID-19 virus infection.

SARS-CoV-2/MERS Mpro-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of the main proteases in SARS-CoV-2 and MERS, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.10 and 0.06 µM, respectively.

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Molnupiravir (MK-4482) (EIDD-2801) is a prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog EIDD-1931 which is orally bioavailable. Molnupiravir can be used in COVID-19, seasonal and pandemic influenza research that has broad spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses and influenza virus, for example, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV [1][2].

PLpro/RBD-IN-1 is a dual inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro and the spiny protein RBD, with anti-novel coronavirus activity, and is seen for the study of viral infections.

SARS-CoV-2-IN-62 (Compound R3b) effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells, demonstrating low cytotoxicity and EC50 values of 2.97 μM and 3.82 μM, respectively [1].

MAT-POS-e194df51-1 is an orally active, non-covalent, non-peptide inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) with an IC_50 of 37nM. It exhibits cytotoxicity, with EC_50 values of 64nM in A549-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells and 126nM in HeLa-ACE2 cells [1].

GSK-LSD1, an LSD1 inhibitor, decreases food consumption and body weight while enhancing insulin sensitivity and glycemic regulation in murine obesity models. Additionally, it mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and suppresses cytokine release induced by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, GSK-LSD1 inhibits the proliferation and spread of cancer [1] [2] [3].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-64 (compound 9), derived from chenodeoxycholic acid, serves as a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein [1].

GS-704277, an alanine metabolite derived from Remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue acknowledged for its potent antiviral efficacy, demonstrates remarkable effectiveness in vitro for the management of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection[1][2].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-66 (1), a derivative of vitamin K, functions as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, exhibiting an effective concentration (EC50) of 70.8 μM in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-63 (Compound R3e) serves as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 replication, demonstrating low cytotoxicity. It effectively suppresses viral replication within Vero E6 cells and Calu-3 cells, yielding half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 1.99 μM and 1.92 μM, respectively [1].

PB28 is a cyclohexylpiperazine derivative that functions as a potent and highly selective agonist of the sigma 2 (σ2) receptor, exhibiting a Ki (binding affinity) of 0.68 nM. At the same time, PB28 acts as an antagonist of the sigma 1 (σ1) receptor, with a Ki of 0.38 nM. PB28 demonstrates a lower affinity for other receptors. It effectively inhibits electrically evoked twitch in both the guinea pig bladder (EC50 value of 2.62 μM) and ileum (EC50 value of 3.96 μM). Moreover, PB28 exhibits the ability to modulate protein-protein interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and human cells. Additionally, PB28 triggers caspase-independent apoptosis and possesses significant antitumor activity.

SARS-CoV-2-IN-65 (compound 2f (81)) is a potent, orally active reversible inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 entry, primarily obstructing the RBD:ACE2 interaction and TMPRSS2 activity within the ACE2-dependent pathway in Calu-3 cells [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-68 (compound 6C) is a covalent inhibitor of both SARS-CoV-2 PLpro and Mpro, exhibiting potent antiviral properties by targeting the Zn-finger domain of PLpro [1].

SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-IN-12 (compound D026) serves as an inhibitor of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, exhibiting antiviral properties [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-69 (Compound 7E) is a potent, non-covalent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) with an EC50 of 7.4 μM and also inhibits the papain-like protease (PL^pro) [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-67 (Compound 16), a derivative of vitamin K, exhibits anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties, with an effective concentration (EC50) of 64.8 μM in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells, and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity [1].

Ribavirin-13C5is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of ribavirin by GC- or LC-MS. Ribavirin is an antiviral guanosine nucleoside analog.1,2Upon entry into cells, ribavirin is metabolized to an active triphosphate form that induces viral RNA chain termination and inhibits viral polymerases. It reduces replication in a panel of seven RNA and four DNA viruses in Vero cells (EC50s = 2-95 μg/ml).3Ribavirin also reduces replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Vero cells (EC50= 109.5 μM).4Aerosol administration of ribavirin (30 mg/kg) reduces mortality in a mouse model of influenza A infection.5Formulations containing ribavirin have been used in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and viral hemorrhagic fevers. 1.Gilbert, B.E., and Knight, V.Biochemistry and clinical applications of ribavirinAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.30(2)201-205(1986) 2.Gordon, C.J., Tchesnokov, E.P., Woolner, E., et al.Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potencyJ. Biol. Chem.295(20)6785-6797(2020) 3.Kirsi, J.J., North, J.A., McKernan, P.A., et al.Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 2-β-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, a new antiviral agentAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.24(3)353-361(1983) 4.Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., et al.Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitroCell Res.30(3)269-271(2020) 5.Wilson, S.Z., Knight, V., Wyde, P.R., et al.Amantadine and ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza A and B infection in miceAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.17(4)642-648(1980)

SARS-CoV-2-IN-59 (compound E07), an imidazoline derivative, is a non-peptide small molecule that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease (Mpro). It exhibits robust binding with Mpro residues (Met 165, Gln 166, Met 165, His 41, Gln 189) [1].

SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-15 (compound a), a beta-nitrostyrene derivative, acts as an inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (3CLpro), effectively inhibiting viral replication and transcription. It is instrumental in the identification of potential anti-COVID-19 lead compounds [1].

(±)-Alliin, the principal active component in garlic, functions as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2's main protease (Mpro) [1].

Compound 3h, also known as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-17, is a selective inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease, demonstrating an IC50 of 0.322 μM [1].

SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-14 (compound 11j) is an orally active inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, demonstrating potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties with an EC50 of 0.18 μM and exhibits minimal cytotoxicity, having a CC50 greater than 50 μM, in Vero E6 cells [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-57 (compound (+)-R-26) is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 of 80 nM and demonstrates high affinity for the Sigma Receptor, exhibiting Kis of 13.6 nM (S1R) and 14.4 nM (S2R) [1].

Ibuzatrelvir (PF-07817883) is an antiviral compound designed to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease, and is utilized in the treatment of COVID-19 [1].

SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-19 (Compound C5a), a non-covalent, non-peptide inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro enzyme, exhibits potent in vitro activity with an IC50 of 0.7 μM. It demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against infection by Omicron subvariants (BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5) in human cells, with EC50 values ranging from 30-69 nM [1].

Compound 8h, also known as SARS-CoV-2-IN-43, is a powerful inhibitor effective in obstructing the replication of SARS-CoV-2, exhibiting significant antiviral activity [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-55 (compound 65) is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 exhibiting low cytotoxicity, characterized by an IC50 of 0.3 μM, effectuated through direct interaction with VSV-S pseudoparticles [1].

MProinhibitor 11b is an inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (MPro; IC50= 0.04 μM in a TR-FRET assay).1It reduces viral yield in the culture supernatant of SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells (EC50= 0.72 μM). MProinhibitor 11b also reduces viral RNA copy numbers in the same model when used at concentrations ranging from 1.85 to 50 μM. 1.Dai, W., Zhang, B., Jiang, X.-M., et al.Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main proteaseScience368(6497)1331-1335(2020)

CTP Synthetase-IN-1 Ammonium salt is an orally active and potent cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthetase (CTPS) inhibitor with potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity for the study of SARS-CoV-2 viral infections.

Masavibart (ZRC3308-A7), an IgG1 type anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody, demonstrates strong binding affinity for a distinct non-competing epitope located on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. When paired in a 1:1 ratio with ZRC3308-B10, Masavibart is efficacious in preventing COVID-19, particularly in its early stages before the onset of severe symptoms [1].

Remdesivir de(ethylbutyl 2-aminopropanoate) is a recognized impurity in Remdesivir, a nucleoside analog demonstrating potent antiviral efficacy. It exhibits EC50 values of 74 nM against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in human airway epithelial (HAE) cells, and 30 nM against murine hepatitis virus in delayed brain tumor cells. Notably effective in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, Remdesivir has garnered attention for its application in controlling the spread of the virus, as supported by references [1] [2].

Ogalvibart (C-135-LS), a humanized anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG1 type monoclonal antibody, specifically targets and binds to the spike (S) glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. When combined with C144LS in a 1:1 ratio, Ogalvibart demonstrates significant preventive activity and effectively prevents the progression of COVID-19 in a rhesus monkey disease model [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-28 disodium, a diphosphate ester featuring a C7 alkyl chain and extended-length molecular tweezers, demonstrates antiviral efficacy by showing IC50 values of 0.4 μM and 1.0 μM against SARS-CoV-2 activity and spike pseudoparticle transduction, respectively. Additionally, it disrupts liposomal membranes with an EC50 of 4.4 μM [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-29 disodium, a diphosphate ester featuring a benzene system and molecular tweezers architecture, demonstrates antiviral efficacy by targeting SARS-CoV-2 with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 1.5 μM for virus activity and 1.6 μM for spike pseudoparticle transduction. Additionally, it disrupts liposomal membranes, evidenced by a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 3.0 μM [1].

Imatinib Impurity E is a specific impurity found in Imatinib, an orally available inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, including BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR, and c-kit. Imatinib (STI571) operates by semi-competitively inhibiting enzyme activity; it binds adjacent to the ATP binding site, inducing a closed or self-inhibited conformation [1] [2] [3] [4]. Additionally, Imatinib acts as an inhibitor against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [5].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-30, a two-armed diphosphate ester featuring a benzene system and molecular tweezers, demonstrates antiviral properties, achieving IC50 values of 0.6 μM against SARS-CoV-2 activity and 6.9 μM for spike pseudoparticle transduction. Additionally, it disrupts liposomal membranes with an EC50 of 6.9 μM [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-23 disodium, a medium-length molecular tweezer and two-armed diphosphate ester, demonstrates antiviral properties by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 activity and spike pseudoparticle transduction with IC50 values of 8.2 μM and 2.6 μM, respectively. Additionally, it disrupts liposomal membranes with an EC50 of 4.4 μM [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-30 disodium, a benzene-system-based two-armed diphosphate ester featuring molecular tweezers, demonstrates antiviral efficacy, with IC50 values of 0.6 μM against SARS-CoV-2 and 6.9 μM for spike pseudoparticle transduction, respectively. Additionally, it disrupts liposomal membranes, evidenced by an EC50 of 6.9 μM [1].

Regdanvimab (CT-P59) is a human monoclonal antibody designed to target the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thereby inhibiting the virus's ability to enter cells by blocking its interaction with the ACE2 receptor. It is utilized in the research of COVID-19 [1].

SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-10(5d) is a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease, exhibiting an IC50 value of 190 nM, and demonstrates varied efficiency against other coronaviruses with IC50 values of 790 nM for SARS-CoV-1 and 70 nM for MERS-CoV, indicating broad-spectrum antiviral activity.

SARS-CoV-2-IN-39 is a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor with an EC50 of 1 μM. SARS-CoV-2-IN-39 has antiviral activity and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting SKP2 protein and stabilizing BECN1.

SARS-CoV-2-IN-17 (Compound 16) is a highly effective inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NPro). It demonstrates potent anti-viral activity, with an EC50 value of 2.18 μM. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2-IN-17 binds to NPro with a low Kd value of 7.82 μM, highlighting its potency as a NPro ligand [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-18 (Compound 26) is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease (IC50 = 45 nM) [1].

Ribavirin (Tribavirin) is a synthetic nucleoside analog of ribofuranose with activity against hepatitis C virus and other RNA viruses.