Transforming Growth Factor-β family, TGF-βs

Latent TGF-beta 1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-8xHis-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13 and 35-45 KDa and the accession number is P04202.

Transforming growth factor beta 3(TGFB3) is a member of a TGF -β superfamily which is defined by theirstructural and functional similarities. TGFB3 is secreted as a complex with LAP. This latent form of TGFB3becomes active upon cleavage by plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin -1, and a subset ofintegrins. It binds with high affinity to TGF- β RII, a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor. TGFB3 is involved incell differentiation, embryogenesis and development.It is believed to regulate molecules involved in cellularadhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation during the process of palate development. Without TGF-β3,mammals develop a deformity known as a cleft palate.

Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a member of TGF-beta superfamily that shares a characteristic cysteine knot structure. Mice with TGF-β2 gene deletion show defects in development of cardiac, lung, craniofacial, limb, spinal column, eye, inner ear and urogenital systems. All TGF-β isoforms signal via the same heteromeric receptor complex, consisting of a ligand binding TGF-β receptor type II (TβR-II), and a TGF-β receptor type I (TβR-I). Signal transduction from the receptor to the nucleus is mediated via SMADs. TGF-β expression is found in cartilage, bone, teeth, muscle, heart, blood vessels, haematopoitic cells, lung, kidney, gut, liver, eye, ear, skin, and the nervous system.

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3(SMAD3) is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to the dwarfin/SMAD family. Smad proteins undergo rapid nuclear translocation upon stimulation by transforming growth factor and in so doing transduce the signal into the nucleus. Receptor-regulated SMAD is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta and activin type 1 receptor kinases. SMAD3 binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD3/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. It also can form a SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex at the AP-1/SMAD site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated transcription. SMAD3 has an inhibitory effect on wound healing probably by modulating both growth and migration of primary keratinocytes and by altering the TGF-mediated chemotaxis of monocytes. This effect on wound healing appears to be hormone-sensitive.

Irisin Protein, Human/Mouse/Rat, Recombinant (N-His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 18-28 KDa and the accession number is Q8NAU1.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Human, Recombinant (H202D, hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.88 kDa and the accession number is Q99988.

Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) are multifunctional cytokines that have been implicated in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. And transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3) is a key protein involved in scar-free healing observed in embryos. Latent TGF beta 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.9 kDa and the accession number is P10600-1.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is G7PWZ3.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.15 kDa and the accession number is G7PWZ3.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Mouse, Recombinant (hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0J7.

Neurotrophic factor that enhances survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake. GDNF Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.1 kDa and the accession number is P39905.

Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. MSTN Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.4 kDa and the accession number is O14793.

TGF-beta 1 Protein, Chicken, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 29.0 kDa and the accession number is P09531.

SMAD3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.6 kDa and the accession number is P84022.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47 kDa and the accession number is A0A8C0RRP5.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.7 kDa and the accession number is P04202.

GDF-15 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.7 kDa and the accession number is Q99988.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.9 kDa and the accession number is P27090.

GDNF Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 15.2 kDa and the accession number is P39905-1.

Left-right determination factor 2(LEFTY2) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-beta family. Lefty was first identified in a screen for undifferentiated cell-specific cDNAs from the P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. Its mRNA expression on the left side of the developing embryo earned the name “Lefty”. The human orthologue was initially identified as Ebaf, Endometrial bleeding associated factor. Lefty contains the six cysteine residues that are conserved among TGF-β related proteins and that are necessary to form the cysteineknot structure. Its function in patterning left-right asymmetry of the developing organ systems such as the heart and lung is consistent in all vertebrate species examined. Lefty acts as an antagonist to Nodal signaling, potentially by competing for binding to a common receptor. It may play a role in endometrial bleeding.

TGF beta 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10-14 KDa and the accession number is P10600.

Latent TGF-beta 2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-8xHis-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13 and 39-50 KDa and the accession number is P61812.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family members are secreted in inactive complexes with a latency-associated peptide (LAP), a protein derived from the N-terminal region of the TGFβ gene product. Extracellular activation of these complexes is a critical step in regulation of TGFβ function in vivo. The TGFβ1 LAP is a ligand for the integrin αvβ6 and that αvβ6-expressing cells induce spatially restricted activition of TGFβ1. And LAP identifies a novel CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cell subset with TGFbeta-mediated function and enhanced suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Human, Recombinant (hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is Q99988.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Cynomolgus, Recombinant (hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is G7PWZ3.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15. GDF-15 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.68 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0J6.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.78 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0J7.

Growth/differentiation factor 8(Mstn, GDF-8) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. It is expressed specifically in developing and adult skeletal muscle. It exists as a homodimer, and interacts with WFIKKN2, leading to inhibit its activity. This protein can act specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. It regulates cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues.

Growth/differentiation factor 11(GDF-11) is a secreted protein, which belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. GDF-11 controls anterior-posterior patterning by regulating the expression of Hox genes. The secreted signal acts globally to specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis during development. GDF11 has been shown to suppress neurogenesis through a pathway similar to that of myostatin, including stopping the progenitor cell-cycle during G-phase. The similarities between GDF11 and myostatin imply a likelihood that the same regulatory mechanisms are used to control tissue size during both muscular and neural development.

Inhibin beta C chain, also known as activin beta-C chain and INHBC, belongs to the TGF-beta family. INHBC forms a homodimeric or heterodimeric through association with alpha and beta subunits, linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibins are heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunit. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of beta subunits only. Inhibins/activins regulates many physiological processes, such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth and so on.

SMAD Family Member 4 (SMAD4) is a cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the Dwarfin/SMAD family. SMAD4 contains one MH1 (MAD homology 1) domain and one MH2 (MAD homology 2) domain. It is the component of the heterotrimeric SMAD2/SMAD3-SMAD4 complex that forms in the nucleus and is required for the TGF-mediated signaling. SMAD4 promotes binding of the SMAD2/SMAD4/FAST-1 complex to DNA and provides an activation function required for SMAD1 or SMAD2 to stimulate transcription. SMAD4 may act as a tumor suppressor. It positively regulates PDPK1 kinase activity by stimulating its dissociation from the 14-3-3 protein YWHAQ which acts as a negative regulator. Mutations or deletions in SMAD4 have been shown to result in pancreatic cancer, juvenile polyposis syndrome, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome.

Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects. Activins, members of the TGF-beta superfamily, are disulfide-linked dimeric proteins originally purified from gonadal fluids as proteins that stimulated pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Activins are homodimers or heterodimers of the various beta subunit isoforms, while inhibins are heterodimers of a unique alpha subunit and one of the various beta subunits.

Activin 1 Protein, Schmidtea mediterranea, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44.4 kDa and the accession number is U3RA98.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.9 kDa and the accession number is P27090.

GDF-15 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.6 kDa and the accession number is Q99988.

Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects. The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both dimeric in structure, and, in each complex, the two monomers are linked to one another by a single disulfide bond. Activin is composed of two β subunits, βA βA (activin A), βB βB (activin B), or βA βB (activin AB). Inhibin is composed of an alpha and one of two β subunits, βA (inhibin A) or βB (inhibin B). Activins are produced in many cell types and organs, such as gonads, pituitary gland, and placenta. In the ovarian follicle, activin increases FSH binding and FSH-induced aromatization. It participates in androgen synthesis enhancing LH action in the ovary and testis. In the male, activin enhances spermatogenesis. Also, Activin plays a role in wound repair and skin morphogenesis. Activin is strongly expressed in wounded skin, and overexpression of activin in the epidermis of transgenic mice improves wound healing and enhances scar formation. Activin also regulates the morphogenesis of branching organs such as the prostate, lung, and kidney. There is also evidence showed that lack of activin during development results in neural developmental defects.

SMAD3 belongs to the SMAD family. Members of this family mediate signal transduction by the TGF-beta/activin/BMP-2/4 cytokine superfamily from receptor Ser/Thr protein kinases at the cell surface to the nucleus. SMAD3 is involved in cell signalling. It modulates signals of activin and TGFβ's. Binding of SMAD3 with SMAD4 enables its transmigration into the nucleus where it forms complexes with other proteins and acts as a transcription factor. SMAD3 is a receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD). In mice, mutation of SMAD3 has been linked to colorectal adenocarcinoma, increased systemic inflammation, and accelerated wound healing. Increased SMAD3 activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Smad3 is also a multifaceted regulator in adipose physiology and the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.7 kDa and the accession number is P04202.

TGF beta 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.2 kDa and the accession number is P10600-1.

Latent TGF-beta 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-8xHis-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 12 and 37-45 KDa and the accession number is P10600.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also called Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 (MIC-1), is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. GDF15 can be secreted by a wide variety of cell types in response to a broad range of stressors. GDF-15 expression is dramatically upregulated during acute brain injury, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation, suggesting its potential value as a disease biomarker. GDF15 was shown to inhibit proliferation of primitive hematopoietic progenitors and introduced as a putative placental mediator of embryonic development. GDF15 has recently gained scientific and translational prominence with the discovery that its receptor is a GFRAL-RET heterodimer of which GFRAL is expressed solely in the hindbrain.

TGF-beta 1 Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.8 kDa and the accession number is P18341.

Potent circulating inhibitor of angiogenesis. Signals through the type I activin receptor ACVRL1 but not other Alks. Signaling through SMAD1 in endothelial cells requires TGF-beta coreceptor endoglin/ENG. GDF2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.3 kDa and the accession number is Q9UK05.

SMAD6 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 57.4 kDa and the accession number is O43541.

TGF beta 1 Protein, Rat/Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 12.8 kDa.

GDNF Protein, Human, Recombinant (HEK293) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 15.1 kDa and the accession number is P39905-2.

GDNF Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.1 kDa and the accession number is Q07731-1.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.7 kDa.

GDNF Protein, Canine, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40 kDa and the accession number is XP_005619436.1.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Rhesus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47 kDa and the accession number is F6ZJW6.