cytochrome-c

Cytochrome C, a protein that belongs to class 1 of the c-type cytochrome family, exerts different functions depending on its cellular localization and the conditions in which it operates.

Cytochrome c - pigeon (88-104) Acetate (Cytochrome c - pigeon ) is specific for a peptide within the COOH-terminal sequence 88-1041. 

Cytochrome c fragment (93-108) is a peptide from Cytochrome c, which is a small heme protein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Cytochromes c from certain eukaryotes, including plants and fungi but not higher animals, contains methylated lysine residues at specific positions1. Cytochrome c is a required cofactor for Apaf-1 function2.

Moth Cytochrome C (MCC) (88-103), derived from the carboxyl terminus of moth cytochrome c, induces positive selection of TCR transgenic thymocytes. Thymic positive and negative selections govern the development of a self-MHC-reactive, yet self-tolerant, T cell repertoire.

MitoBloCK-6 is an effective inhibitor of Erv1/ALR with IC50 values of 900 nM and 700 nM, respectively. Additionally, MitoBloCK-6 inhibits Erv2 (IC50=1.4 μM). It induces apoptosis in hESCs by promoting the release of cytochrome c.

JGB1741 (ILS-JGB-1741) is a potent and selective inhibitor of SIRT1 with an IC50 of 15 μM. It modulates the Bax Bcl2 ratio, cytochrome c release, and PARP cleavage, and increases acetylated p53 levels, leading to p53-mediated apoptosis. JGB1741 can be used in breast cancer studies.

TMPD dihydrochloride is an active substrate of enzymatically convert redox and an electron donor for the reduction of heme peroxidases.

Methoxsalen (NCI-C55903) is a Photoactivated Radical Generator and Psoralen. The mechanism of action of methoxsalen is as a Photoabsorption. The physiologic effect of methoxsalen is by means of Photosensitizing Activity.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a phenolic antioxidant polyphenol flavonoid found in plants such as green and black tea, which inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, blocks the activation of EGF receptors and HER-2 receptors, inhibits cellular oxidation, and prevents free radical damage to cells.

Sulconazole mononitrate (Exelderm) is the nitrate salt form of sulconazole, a synthetic imidazole derivative with the antifungal property. Sulconazole mononitrate inhibits fungal cytochrome P-450 sterol C-14 alpha-demethylation, resulting in the accumulation of fungal 14 alpha-methyl sterols and inhibition of the synthesis of ergosterol, an important component of the fungal cell membrane. Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis leads to a disruption of cell membrane permeability, and ultimately inhibition of cell wall synthesis. In addition, Sulconazole mononitrate seems to interfere with the autolytic degradation of fungal DNA and RNA.

Emamectin Benzoate (MK-244), by binding gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channels disrupting nerve signals within arthropods, acts as a chloride channel activator.

1,1'-Methylenedi-2-naphthol target CYP2C19 - cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19 (human).

Gentiopicroside (Gentiopicrin), a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, extracted from Gentiana manshurica Kitag, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; has antianti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects.

NS3694 is an inhibitor of apoptosis and inhibits apoptosome formation and caspase activation.

Fraxetin (7,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin) has dual-antioxidative ,hepatoprotective and antihyperglycemic functions, it shows potent protective effects against CCl4 induced oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis, has a marked inhibitory effect on S.aureus proliferation. It increased the level of Nrf2 ARE, and HO-1, inhibit the formation of ROS, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3 and 9, and suppressed the up-regulation of Bax.

Acetoxycycloheximide induces cell surface TNF receptor 1. It also rapidly induces apoptosis mediated by the release of cytochrome c via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.

Siramesine (Lu 28-179)(Lu 28-179) is a selective sigma-2 receptor agonist, which has been shown to trigger cell death of cancer cells and to exhibit a potent anticancer activity in vivo.lysosome-destabilizing agent siramesine can induce rapid cell death in a number of cell lines at concentrations above 20 μM. In HaCaT cells, cell death was accompanied by caspase activation, rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cytochrome c release, cardiolipin peroxidation and typical apoptotic morphology, whereas in U-87MG cells most apoptotic hallmarks were not notable, although MMP was rapidly lost

Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 expression levels, disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome C, and cleaved-caspase-3 levels. Polyphyllin D has an anti-angiogenic effect. Polyphyllin D has toxicity in human RBCs as well as its underlying mechanism for the hemolysis and eryptosis erythroptosis. Polyphyllin D has strong anticancer activity, can overcome drug resistance in R-HepG2 cells and elicit programmed cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction.

SKF-96365 hydrochloride (SKF96365) , a SOCE inhibitor, exhibits potent anti-neoplastic activity by inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in colorectal Y cells. SKF-96365 hydrochloride can induce cytoprotective autophagy to delay apoptosis by preventing the release of cytochrome c (cyt c) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Mechanistically, SKF-96365 hydrochloride treatment inhibited the calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIγ (CaMKIIγ) AKT signaling cascade in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of CaMKIIγ or AKT abolished the effects of SKF-96365 on Y cells, suggesting a critical role of the CaMKIIγ AKT signaling pathway in SFK-96365-induced biological effects. SKF-96365 hydrochloride inhibited hERG current in a concentration-dependent manner.

Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is a tetrapyrrole that is a metabolic precursor of heme, cytochrome c, and chlorophyll. Protoporphyrin IX has been shown to improve liver function, promote cellular tissue respiration, improve protein and glucose metabolism, and resist complement binding.

Salvianolic Acid C is extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial plant in the genus Salvia.

MitoBloCK-6 is a potent Erv1 ALR inhibitor with IC50 values of 900 nM and 700 nM, respectively, and also inhibits Erv2 with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. Additionally, MitoBloCK-6 can induce apoptosis via cytochrome c release in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) [1].

Alpinetin ((-)-alpinetin) has antibacterial activity.Alpinetin has anti-inflammatory activity.Alpinetin can enhance the sensitivity of HepG2 hepatoma cells to the chemotherapeutic agent CDDP. Alpinetin has strong anti-hepatoma and pancreatic cancer cells effects, by inhibiting proliferation , regulating of the Bcl-2 family and XIAP expression, releasing of cytochrome c and activating caspases.

Dafadine-A is an analog of dafadine and a novel inhibitor of DAF-9 cytochrome P450 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mammalian orthologs that also inhibit DAF-9 (CYP27A1).

AMG-208 is a highly selective c-Met inhibitor with IC50 of 9 nM. Phase 1.

20-hydroxy Prostaglandin E2 (20-hydroxy PGE2) is a product of cytochrome P450 metabolism of PGE2 . ω-Oxidation at C-20 followed by β-oxidation and the loss of up to four carbons from the lower side chain is a prominent metabolic pathway for PGE2. 20-hydroxy PGE2 is the putative first intermediate in this chain of chemical transformations.

3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine is a form of sulfatide that is lacking the fatty acyl group. It decreases migration and adhesion of B35 neuroblastoma cells and increases cell rounding when used at a concentration of 20 μM. It also inhibits PKC and cytochrome c oxidase activity when used at concentrations of 150 and 50-100 μM, respectively. 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine accumulates in patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency leading to progressive demyelination and neuromotor deficits. In mice lacking ASA, levels of 3'-sulfo galactosylsphingosine increase after one month of age followed by demyelination and neuromotor deficits. 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine has been used as a standard for the quantification of 3'-sulfo galactosylsphingosine by LC-MS.

Oxiconazole nitrate (Ro 13-8996) is the nitrate salt form of oxiconazole, a broad-spectrum imidazole derivative with antifungal activity. Likely inhibiting cytochrome P450-dependent demethylation of lanosterol, it prevents ergosterol synthesis, a crucial component of the fungal cell membrane. This disruption of membrane synthesis and integrity alters permeability, promotes loss of essential intracellular components, and inhibits fungal cell growth.

Ginsenoside C-K (Ginsenoside K) is a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1 exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2.

1. Nepitrin (Nepetin-7-glucoside) has antioxidant activity in human HL6 cells assessed as reduction of cytochrome-c release, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of TPA-induced free radical formation.

Phytosphingosine is a phospholipid with anticancer properties. In cancer cells, Phytosphingosine induces cell apoptosis through activation of caspase 8 and translocation of Bax.

Cis-3,4',5-Trimethoxy-3'-hydroxystilbene, a stilbene derivative, induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and suppresses tubulin polymerization. It is also noted for its application in leukemic research [1].

iMAC2, a potent MAC (Membrane Attack Complex) inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 of 28 nM and an LD50 of 15,000 nM, demonstrating significant efficacy in inhibiting MAC. Additionally, iMAC2 effectively suppresses apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c [1].

Imidafenacin metabolite M4 is a metabolite of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist imidafenacin.1It is formed from imidafenacin by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A4. 1.Kanayama, N., Kanari, C., Masuda, Y., et al.Drug-drug interactions in the metabolism of imidafenacin: Role of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes and UDP-glucuronic acid transferases, and potential of imidafenacin to inhibit human cytochrome P450 enzymesXenobiotica37(2)139-154(2007)

(±)14(15)-EET is a metabolite of arachidonic acid that is formed via epoxidation of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450.[1],[2] It prevents increases in leukotriene B4, ICAM-1, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL2) induced by oxidized LDL in primary rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells (RPAECs) when used at a concentration of 1 μM.[3] (±)14(15)-EET induces dilation of preconstricted isolated canine coronary arterioles (EC50 = 0.2 pM).[4] It reduces myocardial infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk in a canine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion when administered at a dose of 0.128 mg/kg prior to occlusion or reperfusion.[5] Reference：[1]. Chacos, N., Falck, J.R., Wixtrom, C., et al. Novel epoxides formed during the liver cytochrome P-450 oxidation of arachidonic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 104(3), 916-922 (1982).[2]. Oliw, E.H., Guengerich, F.P., and Oates, J.A. Oxygenation of arachidonic acid by hepatic monooxygenases. Isolation and metabolism of four epoxide intermediates. J. Biol. Chem. 257(7), 3771-3781 (1982).[3]. Jiang, J.-X., Zhang, S.-J., Xiong, Y.-K., et al. EETs attenuate ox-LDL-induced LTB4 production and activity by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation and 5-LO/BLT1 receptor expression in rat pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. PLoS One 10(6), e0128278 (2015).[4]. Oltman, C.L., Weintraub, N.L., VanRollins, M., et al. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids are potent vasodilators in the canine coronary microcirculation. Circ. Res. 83(9), 932-939 (1998).[5]. Nithipatikom, K., Moore, J.M., Isbell, M.A., et al. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in cardioprotection: Ischemic versus reperfusion injury. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291(2), H537-H542 (2006).

Uncarinic acid E has anti-cancer activity, it induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via accumulation of p53, alters the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and activates caspases, resulting in cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. A mixture of uncarinic acid E and 27-O-p-(

BAI1 (Bax channel blocker) is a potent inhibitor of Bax-mediated mitochondrial cytochrome C release (IC50: 0.52 μM).

Antioxidant Agent-18 (Compound 5), a flavonol glycoside derived from Ginkgo biloba, exhibits antioxidant properties through its ability to scavenge DPPH radicals (IC50: 15.8 μM) and reduce cytochrome c (IC50: 14.7 μM).

Ac-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO (Ac-VAD-CHO) serves as a pan-caspase inhibitor and preserves mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) while preventing the release of cytochrome c in cells subjected to hypoxia [1].

HDAC3-IN-2 (compound 4i), a pyrazinyl hydrazide-based HDAC3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 14 nM, effectively targets triple-negative breast cancer cells. Demonstrating cytotoxic activity, HDAC3-IN-2 exhibits an IC50 of 0.55 μM against 4T1 cells and 0.74 μM against MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo, it shows anti-tumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mouse models by selectively elevating acetylation of histones H3K9, H3K27, and H4K12, enhancing apoptosis-inducing proteins caspase-3, caspase-7, and cytochrome c, and diminishing proliferation markers Bcl-2, CD44, EGFR, and Ki-67 [1].

N1,N11-Diethylnorspermine (DENSPM), a spermine analog, serves as a potent anticancer agent by activating polyamine catabolism, which in turn triggers cytochrome c release from mitochondria and activates caspase 3. This process ultimately leads to the death of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells by inducing spermidine spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) activity along with the production of H2O2 [1] [2] [3].

17R(18S)-EpETE is an oxylipin and a cytochrome P450 metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid .1,217R(18S)-EpETE is an activator of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels, increasing the potassium current amplitude by 15-fold in isolated rat cerebral artery vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) at +60 mV when used at a concentration of 50 nM.2It has negative chronotropic effects in isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs; EC50= ~1-2 nM) and prevents calcium-induced increases in the spontaneous beating of NRCMs.3,4 1.Schwarz, D., Kisselev, P., Ericksen, S.S., et al.Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism by human CYP1A1: Highly steroselective formation of 17(R), 18(S)-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acidBiochem. Pharmacol.67(8)1445-1457(2004) 2.Lauterbach, B., Barbosa-Sicard, E., Wang, M.H., et al.Cytochrome P450-dependent eicosapentaenoic acid metabolites are novel BK channel activatorsHypertension39(2 Pt. 2)609-613(2002) 3.Falck, J.R., Wallukat, G., Puli, N., et al.17(R),18(S)-Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a potent eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derived regulator of cardiomyocyte contraction: Structure-activity relationships and stable analoguesJ. Med. Chem.54(12)4109-4118(2011) 4.Arnold, C., Markovic, M., Blossey, K., et al.Arachidonic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes are targets of omega-3 fatty acidsJ. Biol. Chem.285(43)32720-32733(2010)

PETCM is a caspase-3 activator and acts as an cytochrome c (cyto c)-dependent manner.

Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) is a Bcl-2 antagonist (Ki: 0.22 μM) and can induce apoptosis with up-regulation of Bim, induced cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase-3.

5-n-Heptyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole acts as a competitive inhibitor at the Qo site of the cytochrome bc1 complex (cytochrome c oxidoreductase) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1].

iMAC2 hydrochloride, a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (MAC), demonstrates an IC50 of 28 nM and an LD50 of 15000 nM. It exhibits an anti-apoptotic effect by blocking the release of cytochrome c [1].

Bz 423 is a potent immunomodulator that induces apoptosis by activating Bax and Bak to induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release.Bz 423 shows partial activity in a mouse model of lupus.

N-Desmethyl Regorafenib N-oxide, an active metabolite of the multi-kinase inhibitor regorafenib, originates through the action of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A4. This compound demonstrates efficacy in vitro by inhibiting key enzymes such as VEGFR2, Tie2, c-Kit, and B-RAF, and it exhibits tumor growth inhibition in HT-29 and MDA-MB-231 mouse xenograft models at a dosage of 1 mg/kg.

Bis(diazoacetyl)butane is a mutagen and traditionally related to radio-mimetic chemical mutagens due to the similarity of appearance of mutagenic action of this mutagen and physical mutagens. It also has anti-tumor and carcinogenic activity.