donor

H2S Donor 5a is a H2S donor that could mimic the slow and continuous H(2)S generation process.

N-acetyl-L-methionine is nutritionally and metabolically equivalent to L-methionine. Methionine is a dietary indispensable amino acid required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate

Choline chloride (Biocoline) is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide (hydrate) is, like nitric oxide, an important gaseous mediator that has significant effects on the immunological, neurological, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems of mammals. Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide (hydrate) is an H2S donor commonly used in cellular and whole animal experimental systems. For example, it has been used to suggest that H2S promotes neutrophil migration, reduces airway inflammation, and protects neurites, heart, and intestine from chemical or ischemic-reperfusion damage.

Nitroaspirin (NCX 4016) is a nitric oxide donor and a nitro-derivative of Aspirin, which combines with Nitroaspirin to inhibit cyclooxygenase. Nitroaspirin induces significant induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells via down-regulation of EGFR/PI3K/STAT3 signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. Nitroaspirin has antithrombotic and antiplatelet properties and acts as a direct and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1.

NADH disodium salt hydrate is a coenzyme of oxidoreductase. NADH acts as a regenerative electron donor during catabolic processes including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and beta-oxidation.

10-FTHF is a donor of formyl groups in anabolism used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions, which is important in purine biosynthesis.This compound is unstable in powder form and other related salt forms are recommended.

Negundonorin A is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T125923 and the CAS number is 1401618-51-6.

L-Azidonorleucine hydrochloride, an unnatural amino acid, serves as a surrogate for Methionine. It is utilized for labeling mammalian cell proteins and identifying a broad range of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) mutants.

GYY4137 (GYY 4137 morpholine salt) is a novel water-soluble and slow releasing H2S donor with vasodilator and antihypertensive activity. GYY4137 also exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity.

S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-methionine tosylate (SAMe) is a ubiquitous methyl donor involved in a wide variety of biological reactions, including those mediated by DNA and protein methyltransferases [1]. S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-methionine tosylate (SAMe) is a stable salt of SAM that is included in nutritional supplements for oral use [2]. S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-methionine tosylate (SAMe) reportedly ameliorates depression, pain associated with osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia, and liver toxicity [3].

α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen metabolism.1,2It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose, the glucose donor in glycogen biosynthesis.2α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate can be formed during glycogen breakdownviaphosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase.1It can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is combined with CTP by α-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase to form CDP-glucose in the first step of CDP-D-tyvelose biosynthesis inS. typhi.3Bacterial sucrose phosphorylase converts sucrose and phosphate into D-fructose and α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.4 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen breakdown requires the interplay of several enzymesBiochemistry(2002) 2.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen is synthesized and degraded by different pathwaysBiochemistry(2002) 3.Koropatkin, N.M., and Holden, H.M.Molecular structure of ɑ-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from Salmonella typhiJ. Biol. Chem.279(42)44023-44029(2004) 4.Goedl, C., Schwarz, A., Minani, A., et al.Recombinant sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: Characterization, kinetic studies of transglucosylation, and application of immobilised enzyme for production of ɑ-Ｄ-glucose 1-phosphateJ. Biotechnol.129(1)77-86(2007)

Mogroside III-A2 exhibits inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 346-400 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA. and shows weak inhibitory effects on activation of (+/-)-(E)-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor.

Uridine 5′-triphosphate tris salt (Uridine 5'-triphosphoric acid) is an agonist to the P2Y receptor and has been used to study concentrations of intracellular Ca2+, as well as a phosphate donor for in vitro kinase assays.

UDP-a-D-Galactose disodium salt is a donor substrate for galactosyltransferases employed in the biosynthesis of galactose-containing oligosaccharides[1].

Desmethylanethol trithione (ADT-OH) is a derivative of anethole dithiolethione (ADT) and synthetic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. In the in vitro glucose-oxygen deprivation (OGD) model, Desmethylanethol trithione markedly attenuated tPA-enhanced Akt activation and VEGF expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, Desmethylanethol trithione improved functional outcomes in mice subjected to MCAO and tPA infusion. H2S donors reduced tPA-induced cerebral hemorrhage by possibly inhibiting the Akt-VEGF-MMP9 cascade. Administration of H2S donors has potential as a novel modality to improve the safety of tPA following the stroke.

S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-methionine iodide, also known as S-Adenosyl-L-methionine iodide, is a vital methyl donor present in all living organisms [1].

Magnesium lactate is a magnesium donor and buffering agent.

Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer, a pharmacological CO donor, prevents ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced oxidative damage to the gastric mucosa by enhancing gastric blood flow (GBF) and reducing DNA oxidation and systemic inflammatory response.

Glutathione can occur in reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG), or in mixed disulfide forms and is ubiquitous in multiple biological systems serving as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer of the cell. GSSG is the oxidized form of GSH . It can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase. GSSG functions as a hydrogen acceptor in the enzymatic determination of NADP+ and NADPH and can be a proximal donor in S-glutathionylation post translational modifications. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress, with higher concentrations of GSSG predicting increased oxidative stress.

Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) lithium, a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, is integral to the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. It regulates cellular mechanisms by serving as the sole donor of acetyl groups for post-translational acetylation of proteins and is a critical precursor in lipid synthesis [1] [2] [3] [4].

6-Me-ATP (N6-Methyl-ATP), a N6-modified adenosine triphosphate (ATP) derivative, exhibits strong binding affinity for glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and acts as the phosphate group donor in GSK3β-catalyzed phosphorylation of its substrate peptide [1].

5’-O-DMT-Ri can be used in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides[1]. [1]. Kadokura M. Synthesis of 4-thiouridine, 6-thioinosine, and 6-thioguanosine 3’,5’-O-bisphosphates as donor molecules for RNA ligation and their application to the synthesis of photoactivatable TMG-capped U1 snRNA fragments. J Org Chem. 2000 Aug 25;65(17):5104-13.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced dipotassium is an orally active, reduced coenzyme that functions as a donor of ADP-ribose units in ADP-ribosylation reactions, and as a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose. It also serves as a regenerative electron donor in vital cellular energy metabolism processes, including glycolysis, β-oxidation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [1].

Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) ammonium, formed through the enzymatic action of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, serves as a crucial cofactor in sugar nucleotide biosynthesis. It acts as a pivotal precursor and a common substrate for C4-epimerases and decarboxylases, which generate UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA) and UDP-pentose, respectively. Additionally, as a glucuronic acid donor, UDP-GlcA ammonium is utilized in research for studying bilirubin conjugation within the endoplasmic recticulum [1].

3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranose 1,2-(methyl orthoacetate) is a synthetic intermediate used in glycosylation reactions. Typically, the methyl orthoester protecting group is first removed by mild acid hydrolysis, producing a glycosyl donor. Removal of the O-benzyl protecting groups is performed late in the synthesis.

NADP+ is the oxidized form of the electron donor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate . It serves as a cofactor in various biological reactions. In addition, the balance between these reduced and oxidized forms plays key roles in diverse cellular functions, including cell survival, the maintenance of redox status, and intracellular signaling. For example, binding of NADP+ to β-subunits of Kv channels activates ion transport, whereas NADPH stabilizes channel inactivation. NADP+ is biosynthesized from NAD+ by NAD kinase, with ATP as the phosphoryl donor.

UDP-xylose, a natural product isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401), serves as a sugar donor in the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites, and oligosaccharides across plants, vertebrates, and fungi [1] [2].

UDP-GalNAc (UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine) disodium, a sugar nucleotide, serves as a substrate for EpsC115, an exopolymeric substances (EPS) N-terminal deletion mutant characterized by the absence of residues 1-115. Additionally, UDP-GalNAc acts as the donor substrate for numerous N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases. These enzymes facilitate the transfer of GalNAc from the nucleotide sugar to various saccharide or peptide acceptors [1].

(6R,S)-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), the reduced form of folic acid, serves as a cofactor in methyltransferase reactions and is the major one-carbon carrier in one carbon metabolism. Its metabolites participate in the synthesis of thymidine for incorporation into DNA or the synthesis of purines, as well as in the formation of methionine, which can be converted to the ubiquitous methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine . THFA has also been used to study the activation of metabolite-binding riboswitches.

Coenzyme FO, a deazaflavin chromophore, plays a crucial role as a hydride acceptor/donor in the central methanogenic pathway [1][2].

NOC-5 is a stable nitric oxide (NO)-amine complex that acts as a NO donor. It can release two equivalents of NO in solution under physiological conditions without a cofactor. [1] The half-life of NOC-5 in PBS (pH 7.4) is 93 minutes at 22°C, and it remains relatively stable in alkaline solution (pH >=10.0). [1]

CELT-327 is a potent, selective fluorescent hA2B/A3 adenosine receptor antagonist, exhibiting K_i values of 35.6 nM at A2B and 45.7 nM at A3 receptors. It efficiently labels HCT116 cells expressing A2B adenosine receptors in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating rapid, uniform spread and integration of fluorescence within cell monolayers. In live HCT116 spheroids, it achieves consistent staining throughout, penetrating even the deepest layers. As a fluorescent adenosine receptor probe, CELT-327 is ideal for applications in fluorescence binding assays, live cell imaging, flow cytometry, and fluorescence polarization assays, serving as an effective alternative to GPCR radiolabeling ligands. Its excitation and emission peaks are at 589 nm and 616 nm, respectively, making it suitable for TR-FRET assays as an acceptor dye, particularly in combination with the CoraFlor1 TR-FRET donor.

NCX 1000 is a liver-specific NO donor compound,NCX 1000 derived from ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).

Angeli’s salt is regarded as a classical nitroxyl (NO-) donor, but under certain conditions evolution of NO is also observed.1 It spontaneously dissociates in a pH-dependent, first-order process with a half-life of 2.3 minutes at 37°C (pH 7.4) to liberate 0.54 moles of NO per mole of parent compound.[1],[2]

11-Oxomogroside II A1 (compound 7), an oxidized cucurbitin derived from the ethanol extract of Rohanberry fruit, serves as an inhibitor for the activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EBV-EA) triggered by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Additionally, it has a modest ability to inhibit the activation of (±)-(E)-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor [1].

6-Me-ATP (N6-Methyl-ATP) trisodium, an N6-modified ATP derivative, demonstrates high binding affinity for GSK3 and effectively acts as the phosphate group donor in GSK3β-catalyzed phosphorylation of its substrate peptide [1].

D-Lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH), an oxidoreductase, catalyzes the oxidation of D-lactate to pyruvate leveraging NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptors and acting on the donor CH-OH group. Predominantly found in bacteria and fungi, it is frequently utilized in biochemical research [1].

LA 419 is a nitric oxide donor.

O-desmethyl Brinzolamide is an active metabolite of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor brinzolamide .1,2It inhibits CAII and CAIV (IC50s = 0.136 and 165 nM, respectively).1 1.Huang, Q., Rui, E.Y., Cobbs, M., et al.Design, synthesis, and evaluation of NO-donor containing carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to lower intraocular pressureJ. Med. Chem.58(6)2821-2833(2015) 2.Lo Faro, A.F., Tini, A., Gottardi, M., et al.Development and validation of a fast ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determining carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their metabolites in urine and hairDrug Test Anal.13(8)1552-1560(2021)

S-Adenosyl-DL-Methionine (Ademetionine) is a ubiquitous methyl donor involved in a wide variety of biological reactions, including those mediated by DNA and protein methyltransferases. SAM reportedly ameliorates depression, pain associated with osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia, and liver toxicity.

cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) donor

SPD-2 is a photocontrolled hydrogen sulfide donor for living cells.

Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA), a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, plays a crucial role in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. It also serves as the sole donor of acetyl groups for post-translational acetylation of protein target amino acid residues, regulating various cellular mechanisms. Additionally, Acetyl-CoA is a vital precursor in lipid synthesis [1] [2] [3] [4].

4-Thiouracil is a photoactivatable probe designated for site-specific applications in detecting RNA structures and nucleic acid-nucleic acid contacts. Upon illumination with ultraviolet light exceeding 300 nm and in the presence of oxygen, it serves as an energy donor, facilitating the generation of singlet oxygen through triplet-triplet energy transfer. This process enables the highly reactive oxygen species to interact with 4-thiouracil, leading to the formation of uracil and uracil-6-sulfonate; the latter exhibits fluorescence around a wavelength of approximately 390 nm. Additionally, 4-Thiouracil functions as a substrate for T. gondii uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, allowing the synthesis of 4-thiouridine monophosphate for subsequent integration into RNA.

NMI 1182 is a gastro-protective cyclo-oxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donor. Inflammopharmacology.

TMPD dihydrochloride is an active substrate of enzymatically convert redox and an electron donor for the reduction of heme peroxidases.

Cimlanod is a second-generation Nitroxyl (HNO) donor for heart failure with positive lusitropic and inotropic as well as vasodilatory effects. Cimlanod delivers HNO via pH-dependent chemical breakdown when exposed to the neutral pH environment of the bloo

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous transnitrosation donor involved in S-nitrosation of a variety of cellular proteins. GSNO, an exogenous NO donor and substrate of rat alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme, inhibits cerebral angiotensin II-dependent and -independent AT1 receptor responses.