duct

Aldose reductase-IN-1 (AT-001) is a aldose reductase inhibitor (IC50: 28.9 pM).

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-5 is an orally active xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor (IC50 : 55 nM).Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-5 may be used in studies of acute hyperuricemia.

Thioredoxin reductase peptide acetate corresponds to residues 53–67 in thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), used in thioredoxin reductase research.Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) catalyzes the reduction of the redox-active disulfide bond of thioredoxin (Trx

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-3 is an orally active xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor (IC50: 26.3 nM).Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-3 can be used in acute hyperuricemia studies.

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-4 is an orally active xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor that inhibits XOR with an IC50 value of 29.3 nM.Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-4 can be used to study hyperuricemia.

Odevixibat (A4250) is an effective, selective and orally active ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor. Odevixibat has the potential for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Odevixibat reduces cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mice model.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholylglycine) is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.

Glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) is an enzyme that ensures the availability of reduced glutathione [1].

Orlistat degradation product is a degradation product of the digestive lipase inhibitor orlistat . It is formed via hydrolytic and thermal degradation as well as digestion by human carboxyl ester lipase.

Aldose reductase-IN-4 (compund IIc) is an inhibitor of aldose reductase with IC50s of 11.70 μM and 0.98 μM for ALR1 and ALR2, respectively [1].

5α-reductase-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme 5α-reductase. This compound is primarily employed in research studies to investigate its potential efficacy in treating patterned alopecia. It is commonly used in combination with minoxidil, a well-known treatment for hair loss.

Aldose reductase-IN-5 is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (ALR2) that enhances the combination of inhibitory excitability and antioxidant capacity, thereby delaying the diabetes complications progress.

Aldose reductase-IN-3 (Compound 5) is an effective and moderately selective aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor (IC50=3.99 μ M). Aldose reductase is a molecular target involved in various inflammatory diseases (including sepsis). Aldose reductase-IN-3 has research potential in sepsis.

Aldose reductase-IN-6 (Compound 3) is a competitive inhibitor of aldose reductase (AR), possessing an IC50 of 3.164 μM and a Ki of 0.018 μM. Notably, Aldose reductase-IN-6 demonstrates no cytotoxicity toward normal cells [1].

Aldose reductase-IN-2 (Compound 5f) is a potent inhibitor of aldose reductase (AR) with antioxidant properties. aldose reductase-IN-2 is a promising anti-diabetic complication drug.

Chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-diisopropoxy-1,1-biphenyl)[2-(2-aminoethylphenyl)]palladium(II) 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane complex is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T64624.

Thioredoxin reductase peptide TFA corresponds to residues 53-67 in thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), used in thioredoxin reductase research..

Carbon dioxide reduction factor is a coenzyme of methanogenesis from carbon dioxide.

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-2 (Compound IVa) is a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) with an IC50 value of 7.2 nM. Notably, Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-2 demonstrates hypouricemic effects in mice, as evidenced by [1].

HMG-CoA Reductase-IN-1 is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, demonstrating strong inhibitory activity on HMGR and affinity for OATP1B1, with pIC50 and pKm values of 8.54 and 1.98, respectively. It is utilized in hypercholesterolemia research [1].

Nitric oxide production-IN-1 (Compound 1) is an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) production extracted from Tupistra chinensis. It effectively suppresses NO synthesis in rat abdominal macrophages upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide [1].

Cytochrome P450 reductase, a NADPH-cytochrome reductase, facilitates an optimal conformation of aromatase for substrate binding [1].

Diethylamine dinitric oxide adduct is a nitric oxide generator.

Thioredoxin reductase peptide corresponds to residues 53–67 in thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), used in thioredoxin reductase research.Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) catalyzes the reduction of the redox-active disulfide bond of thioredoxin (Trx) and is

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-1 is a xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor with an IC 50 value of 7.0 nM.

Taurocholic acid 3-sulfate (TCA3S) is a metabolite of the conjugated bile acid taurocholic acid .1Plasma levels of TCA3S are elevated in wild-type andSortilin 1(Sort1) knockout mice at 6 hours following bile duct ligation (BDL) and are further elevated inSort1knockout mice at 24 hours post-BDL.2 1.Lefebvre, P., Cariou, B., Lien, F., et al.Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulationPhysiol. Rev.89(1)147-191(2009) 2.Li, J., Woolbright, B.L., Zhao, W., et al.Sortilin 1 loss-of-function protects against cholestatic liver injury by attenuating hepatic bile acid accumulation in bile duct ligated miceToxicol. Sci.161(1)34-47(2018)

Z-LLY-FMK (Calpain Inhibitor IV) serves as an inhibitor of calpain, a family of proteases implicated in the apoptosis of various cell systems. Specifically, this compound suppresses intestinal cell apoptosis following common bile duct ligation [1].

(±)11(12)-EET is a fully racemic version of the R/S enantiomeric forms biosynthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 enzymes.[1][2][3[]A higher proportion of 11(R),12(S)-EET is produced by the CYP450 isoforms CYP2C23 and CYP2C24 while CYP2B2 produces a higher proportion of 11(S),12(R)-EET.[3]11(12)-EET has been shown, along with 8(9)-EET to play a role in the recovery of depleted calcium pools in cultured smooth muscle cells[4] It also inhibits basolateral 18-pS potassium channels in the renal cortical collecting duct when used at a concentration of 100 nM.[5]11(12)-EET (50 μg/kg per day) increases adhesion of isolated peripheral blood leukocytes in a chamber coated with P-selectin and ICAM-1 but does not affect choroidal neovascularization size following laser photocoagulation[6] It also has anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and cardioprotective properties[7]

Betazole dihydrochloride (Betazole hydrochloride) is an agonist of H2 receptor.

Scaff10-8 is an inhibitor of AKAP-Lbc-RhoA interaction that acts by promoting the translocation of aquaporin-2 to the plasma membrane of renal collecting duct principal cells.

BMS-986318 is a potent nonbile acid FXR agonist, displaying EC50 values of 53 nM and 350 nM in FXR Gal4 and SRC-1 recruitment assays, respectively. It exhibits a favorable ADME profile and shows effectiveness in mouse models of liver cholestasis and fibrosis caused by bile duct ligation. BMS-986318 is employed in research focusing on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Uridine triphosphate (Uridine 5'-triphosphate) increases proliferation of human cancerous pancreatic duct epithelial cells by activating P2Y2 receptor.

Betazole (Ametazole), a pyrazole analogue of histamine, functions as an orally active agonist of the histamine H2 receptor. It effectively induces gastric acid secretion and significantly elevates common bile duct pressure immediately. Utilized as a diagnostic tool, Betazole serves under the name histalog to assess gastric acid secretory capacity.

Amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate (Amiloride HCl dihydrate) is a pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss.

Hydrochlorothiazide impurity C is a potential impurity found in commercial hydrochlorothiazide preparations. [1] Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that inhibits the apical membrane sodium chloride cotransporter in the distal and collecting duct nephron segments.[2][3][4]

Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid-d4 is a deuterated compound of Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid. Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid has a CAS number of 64480-66-6. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.