glycosides

Saponins (Sapogenins Glycosides) are a mixture of triterpene and steroid saponins isolated from medicinal plants such as Aesculus hippocastanum L., Hedera helix L. and Ruscus aculeatus L., which are claimed to be effective for the treatment/prevention of venous insufficiency.

Caudatin is one of the species of C-21 steroidal glycosides mainly isolated from the root of Cynanchum bungei Decne and exhibits potent anticancer activities.

Notoginsenoside R1 (Sanchinoside R1) has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulatory properties.

Hederagenin (Hederagenol) is a triterpenoid saponin inhibiting LPS-stimulated expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB.

Maltose (maltobiose) is a dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing.

Asiaticoside (Emdecassol) (Madecassol) is the active chemical component of the plant Centella asiatica. Asiaticoside is used to study potential treatments for wounds and burns.

DL-Xylose ((±)-Xylos) is a sugar first derived from wood. DL-Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type.

(-)-Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin) is found in burdock. (-)-Arctigenin is isolated from Cnicus benedictus, Forsythia viridissima, Arctium lappa, Ipomoea cairica and others (CCD). Arctigenin is a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae, including the Greater burdock (Arctium lappa) and Saussurea heteromalla. It has shown antiviral and anticancer effects. It is the aglycone of arctiin.

Casanthranol is a concentrated mixture of anthranol glycosides derived from the dried bark of Rhamnus p., commonly known as cascara sagrada. This compound serves as a stimulant laxative that is primarily administered to alleviate constipation and other medical conditions. By exerting its effects on the intestinal wall, casanthranol promotes increased muscle contractions, thereby facilitating bowel movements.

Sennoside A (NSC-112929), a kind of irritant laxative isolated from rhei rhizome, causes purgative actions in the intestine.

D-(+)-Melezitose hydrate (melicitose) is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap-eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis by an enzyme reaction.

2'-Deoxyinosine (Guanine deoxyriboside) inhibits the growth of human colon-carcinoma cell lines and is associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency.

D-(+)-Trehalose dihydrate (α,α-Trehalose dihydrate) is a natural α-linked disaccharide formed by an α, α-1, 1-glucoside bond between two α-glucose units.

Echinacoside is a natural polyphenolic compound with various kinds of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nitric oxide radical-scavenging and vasodilative ones.

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde glucoside (4-formylphenyl b-d-glucopyranoside) is an inhibitory aspergillus derivative with analgesic activity and can be used to study neurogenic pain.

Hygromycin B (Hygrovetine) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with translocation and causing mistranslation of the 70S ribosome. Hygromycin B can be used to screen prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells transfected with hph or hyg resistance genes.

Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Kanamycin sulfate (Kanamycin monosulfate) is an aminoglycoside bacteriocidal antibiotic.

Gastrodin (Gastrodine), an anti-inflammatory polyphenol, is extracted from Chinese natural herbal Gastrodia elata Blume. and benefits neurodegenerative diseases.

Picroside II (Vanilloyl catalpol) is the main active ingredient in iridoid glycosides. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-virus and other pharmacological activities.

Catalpol (Catalpinoside) is an iridoid glycoside with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hepatitis virus effects.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

D-Galactose (Alpha-D-galactose) is an aldohexose that exists naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins and is converted enzymatically into D-glucose for metabolism or polysaccharides for storage. It accelerates senescence in invertebrates and mammals and has been used as a model for aging.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Ethyl glucoside (β-D-Glucopyranoside, ethyl), a shale inhibitor for water-based drilling fluids, is a versatile initiator of enzyme-catalyzed regioselective lactone ring-opening polymerization and is a natural compound found in Sisyrinchium palmifolium.

D-Mannopyranose (Mannose) is a hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants.

Torachrysone Triglucoside is a glucoside isolated from cassia seeds with potential antitumor activity.

Torachrysone tetraglucoside is a phenolic glycoside isolated from the leguminous plant cassia with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Reptoside, which can be extracted from the roots and above-ground parts of Cortex Eucommiae and Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb, is one of the active cyclic enol ether terpene glycosides of Cortex Eucommiae for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Limocitrin 3-O-sophoroside is a compound that can be used in biological research.

Baihuaqianhuoside (Praeroside) is a coumarin glycoside. Baihuaqianhuoside can be isolated from the roots of Passiflora and Hindenia solanacea and was first isolated from P. japonicum. Baihuaqianhuoside has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and can be used in studies of inflammation. Baihuaqianhuoside has been shown to be effective against 1,1- scavenging effect of diphenyl-2-propenyl hydrazide radical and inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced liposome oxidation.

Torachrysone gentiobioside is a phenolic glycoside isolated from cassia seeds.

Gentianose is a carbohydrate reserve derived from perennial yellow gentian storage roots.

Spirostan-3-ol (Sarsaponin) is a stereoisomer of Sarsasapogenin (S142505), a steroid glycoside isolated from plant materials. A saponin with with potential anti-tumor activity via apoptosis.

Lugrandoside is a novel phenylpropanoid glycoside, lugrandoside, has been isolated from the caulinary leaves of Digitalis Lutea L. and Difitalis Grandiflora Miller.

Gnetifolin K (GnetifolinK) is a novel stilbene diglucoside from Gnetum parvifolium with potential neuroprotective activity for the study of DNA damage.

Linocinnamarin (3-[4-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]acrylic acid methyl ester) is isolated from Fragaria ananassa Duch. (strawberry). The inhibition of antigen-stimulated degranulation by LN is mainly due to inactivation of Syk/phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma) pathways.

Simmondsin is a natural product from Simmondsia chinensis -- jojoba. It reduced food intake and body weight without apparent negative effects in rats.

Myricoside (C10479) is a natural product isolated from the aerial parts of Phlomis oppositiflora.

Aloinoside B (11-o-Rhamnosylaloin B) is a glycoside from aloe vera.

Isolugrandoside is from the aerial parts of Digitalis davisiana Heywood.

Paeonoside, found in P. suffruticosa, is biologically active and can promote wound healing and migration during osteoblast differentiation. Paeonoside has certain antidiabetic activity and may prevent sepsis and death from sepsis. Paeonoside has no cytotoxic effect on preosteoblasts of MC3T3-E1 cells, significantly restores the wound area and promotes cell migration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and its activity in a dose-dependent manner.

visamminol-3'-O- glucoside is detected in the genus Eranthis Salisb.

Ascamycin is a 5'-O-sulfonamide ribonucleoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spp. It shows selective antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas species and inhibits Xanthomonas citri, Xanthomonas oryzae and phage with MIC values of 0.4 μg/mL, 12.5 μg/mL and 12.5 μg/mL respectively.

Teicoplanin (MDL-507) is a semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic, used to treat Gram-positive bacteria.

Glycyrrhizic acid (Glycyrrhizin) is a triterpenoid saponinl with anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities.

Gentiopicroside (Gentiopicrin), a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, extracted from Gentiana manshurica Kitag, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; has antianti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects.

Hesperidin (Cirantin) is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and antihypertensive and lipid-lowering activity.

Arctiin (Arctigenin-4-glucoside) acts on an agonists of the adiponectin receptor 1 with anti-cancer effects.

Crocin (Gardenia Yellow) is a water-soluble carotenoid pigment of saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) that has been used as a spice for flavoring and coloring food preparations, and in Chinese traditional medicine as an anodyne or tranquilizer. Crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha-induced apoptosis of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by modulating mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 family proteins, which trigger downstream signals culminating in caspase-3 activation followed by cell death. Crocin prevented the activation of nSMase by enhancing the transcription of gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthase, which contributes to a stable glutathione supply that blocks the activity of nSMase.

Fructose (Fructopyranose) is a simple ketonic monosaccharide extracted from Honey,fruits,berries,melon.

D-Fructose (D-arabino-hexulose) , also known as D-(-)-Fructose or D-(-)-Levulose, is classified as a member of the Monosaccharides.