Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G)(PA) significantly improves cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increases choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and elevates levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, PA also significantly ameliorates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mice; suggest that PA might exert a significant neuroprotective effect on cognitive impairment, driven in part by the modulation of cholinergic activity and neuroinflammation. Polygalacic acid shows significant postingestive effects on Spodoptera littoralis larvae.

1. Spinosin (Flavoayamenin) ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, and these effects were regulated, in part, through neuroprotective activity via the anti-inflammatory effects of Spinosin. 2. Spinosin exerts anxiolytic-like effects, and its mechanism of action appears to be modulated by GABAA and 5-HT1A receptors. 3. There was a wide brain regional tissue distribution of Spinosin. The concentrations of Spinosin in corpus striatum and hippocampus were higher than that in other areas.

Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (EH-201) is a low MW inducer of erythropoietin. Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside induces expression of erythropoietin, PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and haemoglobin in astrocytes and PC12 neuronal-like cells. In vivo, Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside treatment restores memory impairment, as assessed by the passive avoidance test, in SD, Aβ and KA mouse models. In the hippocampus of mice given Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in their diet, levels of erythropoietin, PGC-1α and haemoglobin were increased. Treatment with Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside might be a therapeutic strategy for memory impairment in neurodegenerative disease, physiological ageing or traumatic brain injury.

trans-Urocanic Acid ((E)-Urocanic acid), a compound predominantly distributed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, is an isomer of cis-UCA, an epidermal UV-protectant, which enhances the stability of tenofovir eplerenomide in long-acting HIV applications. trans-Urocanic acid potently modulates immune trans-urocanic acid effectively modulates immune function, inhibits human natural killer cell activity in vitro, and can be used in Alzheimer's disease research.

Crocin II (Crocetin gentiobiosylglucosyl ester) has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects against gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, the effect of crocin is mainly mediated by reducing the protein expression of iNOS and caspase-3. Crocin II can ameliorate CCl4-induced liver injury via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, caspase3 and oxidative stress along with modulation of liver metabolizing enzymes favoring elimination of CCl4 toxic metabolite. Crocin II has antihyperlipidemic effect, may be due to the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and crocin, and its metabolite, Crocin II , can improve hyperlipidemia. Crocin has antidepressant effects by increasing CREB, BDNF and VGF levels in hippocampus.