indicator

2-NBDG is a fluorescent indicator for direct glucose uptake measurement. It is an indicator of cell viability.

Dihydroethidium (PD-MY 003) is a superoxide indicator.

Calcein (Fluorexon) is a fluorescent dye and self-quenching probe that used as an indicator of lipid vesicle leakage, and a complexometric indicator for titration of calcium ions with EDTA, and for fluorometric determination of calcium.

Pyranine (Solvent Green 7) is reported as a new class of fluorescent chemosensor for the Cu+ ion.

Fluo-3FF is a fluorescent calcium indicator. It is a di-fluorinated analog of Fluo-3 that displays about a 100-fold lower affinity than Fluo-3 for calcium (Kds = 42 and 0.4 μM, respectively). Low affinity calcium indicators are particularly useful for studying compartments with high concentrations of calcium, such as endoplasmic reticulum, where high affinity dyes will be insensitive to luminal fluctuations. Fluo-3FF has excitation/emission maxima of approximately 506 and 526 nm, respectively.

BCECF-AM, a compound permeable to cell membranes, serves as a fluorescent indicator for monitoring intracellular pH levels.

α-Naphtholbenzein, also known as p-Naphtolbenzein, is a dye that serves as a pH indicator, exhibiting a color change from yellow at a pH of 0-8.2 to turquoise at a pH of 10. It is commonly employed in the sequential injection analysis technique for acid-base titrations [1].

Hydroxy naphthol blue disodium, an azo dye functioning as a metal indicator for calcium and a colorimetric reagent for alkaline earth metal ions (λmax = 650 nm), exhibits a reddish-pink color in solutions containing calcium ions within a pH range of 12 to 13 and transitions to deep blue upon the introduction of disodium EDTA [1].

Cal Green 1 is a cell-impermeant fluorescent calcium indicator that is characterized by high quantum yield and low phototoxicity. Its peak excitation and emission wavelengths (506 and 531 nm, respectively) are comparable to standard fluorescein dyes, making Cal Green 1 appropriate for fluorescent microscopy. Cal Green 1 is ~5-fold brighter than fluo-3 at saturating calcium levels.

Indo-1 AM is an indicator of fluorescent Ca2+ (λex=340 nm, λem=405/485 nm).

Acridine red is an indicator of fluorescent.

OG 488, a fluorescent pH indicator (acid), is widely used in biochemistry and neurosciences, offering numerous applications.

Fura-FF AM is a cell-permeable acetoxymethyl ester of the fluorescence calcium indicator fura-FF (potassium salt) . As fura-FF AM enters cells, it is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to produce fura-FF. Fura-FF is a difluorinated derivative of the calcium indicator fura-2 . Unlike, fura-2, fura-FF has negligible magnesium sensitivity, thus reducing interference from this cation. Fura-FF also has a higher calcium dissociation constant than fura-2 (Kd(calcium) = 6 and 0.14 μM, respectively). However, the spectral properties of fura-FF and fura-2 are similar with fura-FF displaying excitation/emission spectra of 365/514 nm in the absence of calcium, with a shift to 339/507 nm in the presence of a high calcium concentration. Low affinity calcium dyes, including fura-FF, are preferred for studying compartments with high concentrations of calcium, such as mitochondria, or in cell systems that have relatively low calcium buffering capacities, such as neuronal dendrites and spines.

Fura-2 AM is an indicator of ratiometric fluorescent Ca2+.

4-(Phenylazo)diphenylamine serves as an effective colorimetric indicator for the precise quantification of strong bases, Lewis acids, and hydride reducing agents [1].

cis-Parinaric acid is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid containing an unusual conjugated (Z,E,E,Z) tetraene. This chromophore provides for a natural fluorescence at 432 nm with an excitation wavelength at 320 nm. cis-Parinaric acid occurs naturally in the seeds of the Makita tree, a tropical rainforest tree indigenous to Fiji. Makita seeds are inedible, and this toxicity may be due at least in part to the unstable conjugated fatty acids, including cis-parinaric acid, contained within the seed. cis-Parinaric acid has been used for the measurement of phospholipase activity, lipase activity, and as an indicator of lipid peroxidation.[1][2][3][4]

Fura-2 is a ratiometric fluorescent calcium indicator that can be used to detect calcium in cells. [1] It is a pentacarboxylate that displays excitation maxima of 340 and 380 nm at high and low calcium concentrations, respectively, when the emission is fixed at 510 nm, enabling determination of ratiometric measurements of calcium influx in live cells.

Quin-2 is a high-affinity fluorescent calcium indicator (Kd = 115 nM for calcium). It displays high selectivity for calcium, as it is not affected by sodium gradients, membrane potential, or intracellular pH. High affinity probes like quin-2 are ideal for monitoring low levels of calcium, as are found in resting cells. Loadings of up to 2 mM quin-2 are without serious toxic effects, so quin-2 may be used to buffer intracellular calcium transients. Excitation/emission maxima for quin-2 are 339 and 492 nm, respectively.

Fluo-3 (potassium salt) is a fluorescent calcium indicator commonly used in flow cytometry and cell-based experiments to detect changes in intracellular calcium levels. Its absorption maximum at 506 nm makes it compatible with excitation at 488 nm by argon-ion laser sources. Fluo-3 provides intense fluorescence upon binding calcium, detected at a maximum emission at 526 nm which can be monitored by FL1 (green, 525 nm band pass) sensors in flow cytometry.

CM-H2DCFDA is a fluorescent indicator for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells.

Oxonol VI serves as an optical indicator for membrane potentials within lipid vesicles and is effective in identifying variations in membrane potential linked to the activity of the (Na + + K +)-ATPase in reconstituted vesicles [1].

Fluo-3 (ammonium salt) is a fluorescent calcium indicator commonly used in flow cytometry and cell-based experiments to detect changes in intracellular calcium levels. [1] Its absorption maximum at 506 nm makes it compatible with excitation at 488 nm by argon-ion laser sources. Fluo-3 provides intense fluorescence upon binding calcium, detected at a maximum emission at 526 nm which can be monitored by FL1 (green, 525 nm band pass) sensors in flow cytometry.

Rhod-FF AM is a cell-permeant acetoxymethyl ester of the fluorescent calcium indicator rhod-FF . As rhod-FF AM enters cells, it is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to produce rhod-FF. Rhod-FF is a difluorinated analog of the cell-impermeant calcium indicator rhod-2. It has a very low affinity for calcium (Kd = 320 μM). Low affinity calcium indicators are particularly useful for studying compartments with high concentrations of calcium, such as endoplasmic reticulum, where high affinity dyes will be insensitive to luminal fluctuations. Rhod-FF has excitation/emission maxima of approximately 552 and 580 nm, respectively.

SBFI AM is a membrane-permeant, fluorescent Na+ indicator dye. It is selective for Na+ over K+ with Kd values of 20 and 120 mM for these ions, respectively. [1]Increasing concentration of Na+ increases the ratio of excitation efficiency at 330-345 nm to that at 370-390 nm with emission collected at 450-550 nm. [1] Therefore, ratio fluorometry and imaging can be performed with the same wavelengths. SBF AM is suitable for single intracellular dye injection and is typically used for high-resolution measurements of Na+ concentration in intact tissue through two-photon confocal imaging.[2]

BCECF is a fluorescent probe commonly used to measure pH. It is a dual-excitation ratiometric pH indicator with a pKa of ~6.98. Measurements of pH are made by determining the ratio of emission intensity, detected at 535 nm when excited at 490 nm versus th

Fura-2 is a ratiometric fluorescent calcium indicator that can be used to detect calcium in cells. It is a pentacarboxylate that displays excitation maxima of 340 and 380 nm at high and low calcium concentrations, respectively, when the emission is fixed at 510 nm, enabling determination of ratiometric measurements of calcium influx in live cells.

Chlorophenol Red sodium serves as a pH indicator [1].

1,3-Di-(2-pyrenyl)propane, a fluorescent indicator, is utilized to monitor the fluidity of bacterial membrane lipids through intramolecular excimerization and exhibits temperature-dependent fluorescence lifetime distributions [1] [2].

The cell-permeant pH indicator, carboxy SNARF-1, acetoxymethyl ester, acetate (CAS #126208-13-7) has a pKa of ~7.5 after de-esterification, thus is useful for measuring pH changes between pH 7 and pH 8. Carboxy-SNARF-1 exhibits a significant pH-dependent

Rhod-2 (potassium salt) is a water-soluble, red fluorescent calcium indicator. It exhibits a significant shift in fluorescence intensity upon calcium binding (ex max = 549 nm; calcium-free v. ex/em max = 552/581 nm; calcium-bound). Unlike the UV-excitable indicators fura-2 and indo-1 , there is no accompanying spectral shift.

Fluo-3AM is a calcium indicator that exhibits an increase in fluorescence upon binding Ca2+. It is used to image the spatial dynamics of Ca2+ signaling in flow cytometry experiments.

Caged fluorescent pH indicator

Indo-1 (potassium salt) is a ratiometric fluorescent calcium indicator. It is ideal for analyses using flow cytometry, as it uses a single excitation source, typically 349-364 nm light from an argon-ion laser. The emission maximum shifts from 475-485 nm without calcium to 400-410 nm when Indo-1 (potassium salt) binds calcium. Indo-1 (potassium salt) is prone to photobleaching, which limits its usefulness in methods involving microscopy.

Oregon-BAPTA Green 1AM (Oregon Green 488 BAPTA 1AM) is a fluorescent calcium (Ca 2+) indicator, comprising a green fluorescent probe, OG 488, and a cell-permeable calcium chelator, BAPTA AM.

Tetrapotassium BTC is a calcium indicator with low affinity (Kd approximately 7-26 µM) that offers favorable characteristics for cellular calcium imaging, such as extended excitation wavelengths (400/485 nm), minimal sensitivity to Mg2+, and precise ratiometric measurement [1].

FALGPA, a colorimetric substrate for collagenase, exhibits selectivity over trypsin, thermolysin, and elastase. It uniquely interacts with collagenase, which binds to and cleaves the Leu-Gly (LG) peptide sequence, releasing the furanacryloyl group. This release is measurable through colorimetric detection between 324 and 345 nm, serving as an indicator of collagenase activity. Additionally, FALGPA facilitates the identification of inhibitors for C. histolyticum collagenase.

Calmagite is an indicator that can be used to detect magnesium and calcium in various samples.

Resazurin is used as an oxidation-reduction indicator in cell viability.

Xylenolblue (p-Xylenol Blue) is an acid-base indicator used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis.

5-(6)-Carboxy RhodFluor is a cell-impermeant pH indicator.

Coelenterazine hcp is a synthetic bioluminescent luciferin that displays an emission maximum of 445 nm.1It has been used as a calcium indicator and substrate to quantifyRenillaluciferase activity.1,2,3 1.Sabnis, R.W.Handbook of biological dyes and stains: Synthesis and industrial applications(2010) 2.Shimomura, O., Kishi, Y., and Inouye, S.The relative rate of aequorin regeneration from apoaequorin and coelenterazine analoguesBiochemistry Journal296(Pt 3)549-551(1993) 3.Pichler, A., Prior, J.L., and Piwnica-Worms, D.Imaging reversal of multidrug resistance in living mice with bioluminescence: MDR1 P-glycoprotein transports coelenterazineProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.101(6)1702-1707(2004)

EthD-1 is a cell-impermeant viability indicator. It acts as a high-affinity nucleic acid stain.

MitoSOX Red is a novel fluorescent probe that is specific and cell membrane-permeable and targets mitochondria in living cells.MitoSOX Red is oxidized by superoxide upon entry into the mitochondria and is not oxidized by other ROS or RNS-generating systems.MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in the mitochondrion and produces a strong red fluorescence.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) prevents the oxidation of MitoSOX Red.

Pyrenelecithin is a fluorescent dye used a lipid indicator.

Acridine hydrochloride is a fluorescent indicator.

MMP-3 Fluorogenic Substrate, a compound designed for matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) activity quantification, releases 7-methoxycoumarin-4-acetyl (Mca) upon MMP-3 cleavage. Mca's fluorescence, with excitation and emission maxima at 328 and 420 nm respectively, serves as a measurable indicator of MMP-3 activity.

IPG-4 AM, a membrane-permeable fluorescent indicator, specifically binds to potassium ions (K+) with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 7 mM. This compound exhibits excitation and emission maxima (λ) at 525 nm and 545 nm, respectively, and displays a 100:1 selectivity for K+ over sodium ions (Na+). It is utilized for real-time detection of intracellular K+ levels, as well as monitoring extracellular K+ changes in vivo.

Oregon Green 488 succinimidyl ester (OG 488, SE), a fluorescent pH indicator, finds extensive applications in the fields of biochemistry and neuroscience.

MQAE, a fluorescent chloride ion indicator, is more sensitive and selective than 36Cl and microelectrode-based methods for chloride measurement in cells. MQAE is quenched via collision with chloride.

Rhod-2 (sodium salt) is a water-soluble, red fluorescent calcium indicator. It exhibits a significant shift in fluorescence intensity upon calcium binding (ex max = 549 nm; calcium-free v. ex/em max = 552/581 nm; calcium-bound). [1][2] Unlike the UV-excitable indicators fura-2 and indo-1 , there is no accompanying spectral shift.