pregnancy

Pregnancy-associated protein bPAP Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.3 kDa and the accession number is P84291.

PSG6 is a pregnancy-specific glycoprotein(PSG). PSGs are secreted proteins produced by the rodent and primate placenta and play a critical role in pregnancy success. The levels of PSGs are highest during the third trimester of pregnancy, a time marked by the most profound suppression of MS disease attacks. PSGs regulate T-cell function. The regulation of T-cell function during pregnancy is likely the result of significant hormonal changes and may well involve immunoregulatory proteins derived from the placenta. Pregnancy specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are the most abundant placentally derived glycoproteins in the maternal serum. PSG1, PSG6, PSG6N, and PSG11 induce dose-dependent secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Human and murine PSGs exhibit cross-species activity.

PZP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.3 kDa and the accession number is P20742.

PSG1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44.9 kDa and the accession number is P11464-1.

Glycodelin Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 22.4 kDa and the accession number is P09466.

Glycodelin Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.9 kDa and the accession number is P09466.

Appears to be proteolytically inactive. PAG-1 Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.7 kDa and the accession number is Q29432.

PSG1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 70.2 kDa and the accession number is P11464-1.

PSG7 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Appears to be proteolytically inactive. PAG-1 Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His & SUMOstar) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis-sumostar tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.8 kDa and the accession number is Q29432.

PAG2 or a processed derivative of this molecule might represent a factor that binds the LH receptor. PAG-2 Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43.6 kDa and the accession number is Q28057.

Bone Marrow Proteoglycan (BMPG) is a secreted protein that contains one C-type lectin domain. BMPG is the predominant constituent of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. BMPG is highly expressed in placenta and pregnancy serum. BMPG may be involved in antiparasitic defense mechanisms as a cytotoxin and helminthotoxin. BMPG induces non-cytolytic histamine release from human basophils. In addition, BMPG also participated in antiparasitic defense mechanisms and immune hypersensitivity reactions.

PSG2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43 KDa and the accession number is P11465.

Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 3 is also known as Carcinoembryonic Antigen SG5,Pregnancy-Specific Glycoprotein 3 ,PS-Beta-G-3, PSBG-3.It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CEA family.It synthesized in large amounts by placental trophoblasts and released into the maternal circulation during pregnancy. Molecular Cloning and analysis of several PSG genes has indicated that the PSGs form a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family, Members of the CEA family consist of a single N domain, with structural similarity to the immunoglobulin variable domains, followed by a variable number of immunoglobulin constant-like A and or B domains.

PSG7 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in HEK293.

HSPB7 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20-25 KDa and the accession number is Q9UBY9.

Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5, is a secreted protein which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, CEA family. It contains 2 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain.

Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9(PSG9) is a secreted protein and contains 3 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. It is a member of the PSG family, a group of closely related secreted glycoproteins that are highly expressed in fetal placental syncytiotrophoblast cells. The members of the PSG protein family all have a characteristic N-terminal domain that is homologous to the immunoglobulin variable region. PSGs become detectable in serum during the first two to three weeks of pregnancy and increase as the pregnancy progresses, eventually representing the most abundant fetal protein in the maternal blood at term. PSGs function to stimulate secretion of TH2-type cytokines from monocytes, and they may also modulate the maternal immune system during pregnancy, thereby protecting the semi-allotypic fetus from rejection. PSGs are commonly expressed in trophoblast tumors. Eleven human PSG proteins (PSG1-PSG11) have been described.

Granzyme D is a member of the granzyme family of the serine proteases which plays a role in the induction of apoptosis. T cells, lymphohematopoietic stromal cells, and granulated metrial gland cells express granzyme D, but the function of granzyme D is unknown. Previous studies reported that granzyme D is developmentally regulated during pregnancy together with granzymes E, F, and G in granulated metrial gland cells and is upregulated by IL-2 and IL-15. Granzyme D was also suggested to have a role in stromal cell-lymphocyte interactions.

The aim of the current study was to explore whether anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHRII) genetic variants influence the hormonal profile and the ovarian response to standard gonadotropin stimulation of women undergoing medically assisted reproduction. Three hundred in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients constituted the study population, while 300 women with at least one spontaneous pregnancy participated as controls. AMHRII Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.2 kDa and the accession number is Q16671-1.

CGB7 (chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 7) belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family. Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. CGB7 gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta 7 subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). CG is produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta and stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. The beta subunit of CG is encoded by 6 genes which are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3 and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. CGB7 is used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of obesity. CGB7 also stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy.

Afamin is an 87 kDa glycoprotein with five predicted N-glycosylation sites. Afamin's glycan abundance contributes to conformational and chemical inhomogeneity presenting great challenges for molecular structure determination. Afamin, a human plasma glycoprotein and putative transporter of hydrophobic molecules, has been shown to act as extracellular chaperone for poorly soluble, acylated Wnt proteins, forming a stable, soluble complex with functioning Wnt proteins. The 2.1-Å crystal structure of glycosylated human afamin reveals an almost exclusively hydrophobic binding cleft capable of harboring large hydrophobic moieties. Afamin plays a role in anti-apoptotic cellular processes related to oxidative stress and is associated with insulin resistance and other features of metabolic syndrome. Afamin may serve as a new early biomarker for pathological glucose metabolism during pregnancy. And first trimester screening for pre-eclampsia could be provided by a combination of afamin and placental bed vascularization. Moreover, the combination of first trimester serum afamin levels with BMI could provide a possible screening for gestational diabetes mellitus.

ADAM DEC1 protein is expressed highly in the small intestine and appendix, moderately in lymph node, mucosal lining of the colon, thymus, spleen and very weakly in the bone marrow. ADAM DEC1 is induced during DC maturation and up-regulated in response to T-cell signals. It may play an important role in the control of the immune response and during pregnancy.

MUC16, also known as the CA125 antigen, is a mucin protein that may be found in type I transmembrane or secreted forms that are used monitor the progress of epithelial ovarian cancer therapy. MUC16 is over-expressed by tumor cells including ovarian and mesothelial cancers. The transmembrane form can adhere to mesothelin in the peritoneum, facilitating metastasis of ovarian cancer to the peritoneal cavity. MUC16 also binds galectin-1 on immune cells and enhances its expression on tumor cells. MUC16-expressing tumors adhere to NK cells, down-regulate CD16 and suppress NK response, which may promote immune evasion. MUC16 is also cyclically expressed in the endometrium and may contribute to immune privilege during pregnancy. In the eye, MUC16 and other mucins protect the cornea and keep it hydrated. It is altered on the conjunctival epithelium of patients with non-Sjogren dry eye syndrome.

May play an important role in the control of the immune response and during pregnancy. ADAMDEC1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9R0X2.

VLDLR cerebellar hypoplasia (VLDLR-CH) is characterized by non-progressive congenital ataxia that is predominantly truncal and results in delayed ambulation, moderate-to-profound intellectual disability, dysarthria, strabismus, and seizures.VLDLR-CH is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Carrier testing for at-risk relatives, prenatal testing for a pregnancy at increased risk and preimplantation genetic testing are possible when the pathogenic variants in a family are known.

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a member of the type III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that also includes receptors for SCF and PDGF. These receptors each contain five immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular domain (ECD) and a split kinase domain in their intracellular region. CSF1R is expressed primarily on cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage, dendritic cells, stem cells and in the developing placenta. CSF1 and its receptor (CSF1R, product of c-fms proto-oncogene) were initially implicated as essential for normal monocyte development as well as for trophoblastic implantation. It plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone and tooth development. It is required for normal male and female fertility, and for normal development of milk ducts and acinar structures in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R may play a role in inflammatory diseases.

The placental anticoagulant protein Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a multifunctional protein that is highly expressed on the apical surfaces of syncytiotrophoblasts, and plays an important role in haemostatic regulations, maintaining blood fluidity of the placenta. Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a protein abundantly expressed in normal placenta where it contributes to the healthy outcome of a pregnancy. Lower ANXA5 levels have been observed in M2 ANXA5 haplotype carrying chorion. The association found between the maternal carriage of the M2 ANXA5 haplotype and an elevated risk of IUGR and or PE supports the hypothesis that carrier status of this haplotype and the consequently reduced placental ANXA5 expression might be responsible, at least partially, for the onset of these gestational vascular complications. ANXA5 could be used as a biomarker for the early detection of PE and for the prediction of its severity. ANXA5 as an embryonic anticoagulant that appears deficient in contiguous specter of thrombophilia-related pregnancy complications culminating more frequently in miscarriage in a maternal M2 carrier background. As a potential indicator for malignancy and lymphatic metastasis, ANXA5 overexpression increases in vitro migration and invasion of Hca-P cell, promotes in vivo malignancy, LNM rate and level of Hca-P-transplanted mice. Hereditary thrombophilias can impair vascular placental functions and predispose to the birth of small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies. The placental anticoagulant protein annexin A5 (ANXA5) may contribute to this process. A functional haplotype (M2) within the ANXA5 gene is associated with fetal loss and venous thrombosis.

We have previously shown that Annexin A8 (ANXA8) is strongly associated with the basal-like subgroup of breast cancers, including BRCA1-associated breast cancers, and poor prognosis; while in the mouse mammary gland AnxA8 mRNA is expressed in low-proliferative isolated pubertal mouse mammary ductal epithelium and after enforced involution, but not in isolated highly proliferative terminal end buds (TEB) or during pregnancy. ANXA8 as a potential mediator of quiescence in the normal mouse mammary ductal epithelium, while its expression in basal-like breast cancers may be linked to ANXA8's association with their specific cells of origin. Annexin A8 (ANXA8), a member of a superfamily of calcium and phospholipid binding proteins, is physiologically expressed in a tissue-specific manner, recent microarray studies reported that ANXA8 was also ectopically expressed in pancreatic cancers. We investigated the molecular mechanism of expression of ANXA8 in cancer cells and its functional role in pancreatic cancer cells. ANXA8 was diversely expressed in human cancer cell lines. Ectopic ANXA8 expression in cancer cells might involve an epigenetic mechanism. ANXA8 might play an important role in calcium fluctuation-mediated HIF-1α transcriptional activation and cell viability. The retinoic acid derivative fenretinide (FR) is capable of transdifferentiating cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells towards a neuronal-like phenotype, down-regulation of AnxA8 is both necessary and sufficient for neuronal transdifferentiation of RPE cells and reveal an essential role for AnxA8 as a key regulator of RPE phenotype.

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-Binding Protein (CRHBP) is a 37 kDa secreted glycoprotein that binds both CRH and urocortin in a 42 kDa extracellular complex. The molecule is approximately 300 amino acids in length and demonstrates five intrachain disulfide bonds. Difference between CRHBP from different species exist, human CRHBP is found in plasma while rodent and sheep CRHBP is limited to neuroendocrine tissues. CRHBP may inactivate CRH and may prevent inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation in pregnancy. CRHBP is presumed to either sequester CRH, rendering it unavailable to cells or transport it to target tissues. Although CRF-BP concentration in the human peripheral circulation is normally low, it increases throughout pregnancy and fall back rapidly after parturition.

Tachykinin 3 (TAC3) is a secreted protein that belongs to the Tachykinin family. Tachykinins are active peptides that excite neurons and evoke behavioral responses; they are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract many smooth muscles in pregnancy. TAC3 is primarily expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and functions as a neurotransmitter. It is also expressed in the outer syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta and may be associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia. TAC3 acts as the ligand for the neurokinin-3 receptor, mutations in this gene are associated with normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

The leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 2 (LAIR2) shows increased expression during pregnancy and its reduced expression is associated with pregnancy complications. Although LAIR2 was expressed in the human placenta villus and decidua in the first trimester of pregnancy, it was not expressed in mouse tissues. Knockdown of LAIR2 markedly improved cell viability and inhibited the invasive ability of HTR8 SVneo cells.

GSTA1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 1) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a member of a family of enzymes that function to add glutathione to target electrophilic compounds. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the detoxification of carcinogens and may be linked to carcinogenesis. As a vital component of GSTs, GSTA1 plays an important role in carcinogenesis. GSTA1 expression may be a target molecule in the early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Human colonic adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells in culture undergo spontaneous differentiation into mature enterocytes in association with progressive increases in expression of glutathione S-transferase alpha-1 (GSTA1). GSTA1 levels may play a role in modulating enterocyte proliferation but do not influence differentiation or apoptosis. GSTA1 may play a key role during pregnancy.

Placental growth factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene. It is a secreted protein and belongs to the PDGF VEGF growth factor family. The protein is a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) sub-family-a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, in particular during embryogenesis. The main source of PGF during pregnancy is the placental trophoblast. PGF is also expressed in many other tissues, including the villous trophoblast.

Produced only during pregnancy and is involved in stimulating lactation, fetal growth and metabolism. Does not interact with GHR but only activates PRLR through zinc-induced dimerization. CSH2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST & His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 53.8 kDa and the accession number is P0DML3.

Choriogonadotropin subunit beta is also known as CG-beta, Chorionic gonadotrophin chain beta. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGB gene. It belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family. Choriogonadotropin subunit beta can stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy.

Placental growth factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene. It is a secreted protein and belongs to the PDGF VEGF growth factor family. Alternate splicing results in at least three human mature PlGF forms containing 131 (PlGF‑1), 152 (PlGF‑2), and 203 (PlGF‑3) amino acids (aa) respectively. PlGF is mainly found as a variably glycosylated, secreted, 55 ‑ 60 kDa disulfide linked homodimer.The protein is a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) sub-family-a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, in particular during embryogenesis. The main source of PGF during pregnancy is the placental trophoblast. PGF is also expressed in many other tissues, including the villous trophoblast. PlGF (especially PlGF‑1) and some forms of VEGF can form dimers that decrease the angiogenic effect of VEGF on VEGF R2. PlGF‑2, like VEGF164 165, shows heparin‑dependent binding of neuropilin (Npn)‑1 and Npn‑2, and can inhibit nerve growth cone collapse. Circulating PlGF often correlates with tumor stage and aggressiveness, and therapeutic PlGF‑2 antibodies are being investigated for their ability to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis.

The aim of the current study was to explore whether anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHRII) genetic variants influence the hormonal profile and the ovarian response to standard gonadotropin stimulation of women undergoing medically assisted reproduction. Three hundred in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients constituted the study population, while 300 women with at least one spontaneous pregnancy participated as controls. AMHRII Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 14.3 kDa and the accession number is Q16671-1.

Relaxin-1, also known as Prorelaxin H1 and RLN1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. It is a peptide hormone that was first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw. Since its discovery as a reproductive hormone 8 years ago, relaxin has been implicated in a number of pregnancy-related functions involving extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and collagen degradation. It is now becoming evident that relaxin's ability to reduce matrix synthesis and increase ECM degradation has important implications in several nonreproductive organs, including the heart, lung, kidney, liver and skin. The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1 (RNL1), relaxin-2 (RNL2) and relaxin-3 ( RNL3), and the insulin-like (INSL) peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6. The functions of relaxin-3, INSL4, INSL5, INSL6 remain uncharacterised. Relaxin-1 RLN1 is an ovarian hormone that acts with estrogen to produce dilatation of the birth canal in many mammals. Relaxin-1 RLN1 may be involved in remodeling of connective tissues during pregnancy, promoting growth of pubic ligaments and ripening of the cervix. Relaxin and estrogen appear to play protective roles against airway fibrosis, airway SM thickening, and cardiac hypertrophy. Relaxin may also provide a means to regulate excessive collagen deposition during kidney development and in diseased states characterized by renal fibrosis.

Tyrosine kinase that functions as cell surface receptor for fibrillar collagen and regulates cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell migration, differentiation, survival and cell proliferation. Collagen binding triggers a signaling pathway that involves SRC and leads to the activation of MAP kinases. Regulates remodeling of the extracellular matrix by up-regulation of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9, and thereby facilitates cell migration and wound healing. Required for normal blastocyst implantation during pregnancy, for normal mammary gland differentiation and normal lactation. Required for normal ear morphology and normal hearing. Promotes smooth muscle cell migration, and thereby contributes to arterial wound healing. Also plays a role in tumor cell invasion. Phosphorylates PTPN11.

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a member of the type III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that also includes receptors for SCF and PDGF. These receptors each contain five immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular domain (ECD) and a split kinase domain in their intracellular region. CSF1R is expressed primarily on cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage, dendritic cells, stem cells and in the developing placenta. CSF1 and its receptor (CSF1R, product of c-fms proto-oncogene) were initially implicated as essential for normal monocyte development as well as for trophoblastic implantation. It plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone and tooth development. It is required for normal male and female fertility, and for normal development of milk ducts and acinar structures in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R may play a role in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and allograft rejection.