Isotoosendanin ((1S,2S,4R,5S,6R,9S,10S,11R,13R,18S,20R)-20-(acetyloxy)-6-(furan-3-yl)-11,15,18-trihydroxy-5,10,14-trimethyl-3,8-dioxo-16-oxapentacyclo[12.3.3.01,13.02,1?.0?,?]icosan-4-yl acetate) is a limonoid isolated from Melia toosendan fruit with anti-inflammatory and analgesic capacity.

Cochinchinenin A is the material basis for the analgesic effect of Dragons Blood.

Benzoylmesaconine (Mesaconine 14-benzoate) is the most abundant component of Wutou decoction, which is widely used in China because of its therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis. Benzoylmesconine has analgesic activity. Benzoylmesconine may improve the resistance of T6S-mice (or thermally injured mice) to the infection of HSV-1, through the induction of antagonistic CD4+ T cells against burn-associated type-2 T cells.

1. 6-Shogaol (6-Shogaol) has antipyretic and analgesic effects in addition to inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase activity. 2. 6-shogaol has anti-inflammatory property, reduces the inflammatory response and protected the femoral cartilage from damage produced in a CFA monoarthritic model of the knee joint of rats. 3. 6-Shogaol inhibits the growth of human cancer cells and induces apoptosis in COLO 25 cells through modulation of mitochondrial functions regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4. 6-Shogaol effectively inhibit invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through diverse molecular mechanisms, including inhibition of the MAPK and PI3k/Akt pathways and NF-κB and STAT3 activities to suppress expression of MMP-2/-9 and uPA and block angiogenesis, could further regulate urokinase-type plasminogen activity.

Sylvestroside I may have analgesic effect.

1. Yunaconitine (Guayewuanine B) has anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions. 2. Yunaconitine was shown to have anti-thermic effect in pyrexial rats when administered orally at a dose of 5 μg/kg. 3. Yunaconitine shows positive effect in the granuloma inhibition test when it was subcutaneously injected, 1 μg/kg for 6 d, or added directly to the cotton-pellet. 4. Yunaconitine inhibited the increased vascular permeability caused byacetic acid and histamine, the leucocyte migratory response induced by injection of 1 % carrageenin .1 ml in rat's thoracic cavity.

Gaultherin has analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities.Gaultherin lacks gastric ulcerogenic effect, because of it released salicylate in intestine slowly, not in stomach and it left the cyclooxygenase-1 unaffected, which was the source of cytoprotecti

1. Isofraxidin (Phytodolor) protects leukemia cells from radiation-induced apoptosis via ROS/mitochondria pathway in a p53-independent manner. 2. Isofraxidin has a protective effect against LPS-induced ALI, and the protective effect of Isofraxidin seems to result from the inhibition of COX-2 protein expression in the lung, which regulates the production of PGE2. 3. Isofraxidin possesses significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities that may be mediated through the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2.

1-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one (Cochinchinenin A) is the material basis for the analgesic effect of Dragons Blood.

Saikosaponin b3 is isolated from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L.. Saikosaponin b3 inhibits ACTH-induced lipolysis in the fat cells and exhibits analgesic effects.

Kaurenoic acid (kaurenoate) has anti-inflammatory potential in acetic acid-induced colitis, decreases in MDA level. Kaurenoic acid exerts a uterine relaxant effect acting principally through calcium blockade and in part, by the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Kaurenoic acid exhibits an analgesic effect in a consistent manner and that its mechanisms involve the inhibition of cytokine production and activation of the NO-cyclic GMP-protein kinase G-ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway. Kaurenoic acid derivatives have an antimicrobial activity of substituted on carbon-15 at concentrations greater than or equal to 250 μg/ml. Kaurenoic acid has inhibitory effects on the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Lupanine has a weak sedative effect on the central nervous system, interaction with specific drugs used for treatment of the CNS and for analgesic activity. Lupanine improves glucose homeostasis by influencing KATP-channels of pancreatic beta cells.

1. Koumine can treat the diabetic neuropathy. 2. Koumine has antineoplastic effect, may be a future breast cancer chemotherapeutic agent. 3. Koumine has a significant analgesic effect in rodent behavioral models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, the m

Kansuinine A possesses analgesic props, it also shows NGF inducing activity.

(-)-Menthol (Levomenthol) is a levo isomer of menthol, an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or mint oils with flavoring and local anesthetic properties. When added to pharmaceuticals and foods, menthol functions as a fortifier for peppermint flavors. It also has a counterirritant effect on skin and mucous membranes, thereby producing a local analgesic or anesthetic effect.