bacterium

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (Dehydromucic Acid) is a normal urinary metabolite in humans. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid is also a microbial metabolite, a product of the oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by the enzyme furfural/HMF oxidoreductase which is found in the bacterium Cupriavidus basilensis.

Spinosad is a naturally-occurring insecticide found in the the soil bacterium S. spinosa. It is a mixture of the macrocyclic lactones spinosyn A and spinosyn D, which act as agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs).

Tetracycline hydrochloride (NCI-c55561) is the hydrochloride salt of the tetracycline, a broad-spectrum naphthacene antibiotic produced semisynthetically from chlortetracycline, an antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. In bacteria, tetracycline blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and bacterial cell growth. Because naturally, fluorescing tetracycline binds to a newly formed bone at the bone/osteoid interface, tetracycline-labeling of bone and fluorescence microscopy may be used to perform bone histomorphometry.

trans-Benzylideneacetone (Acetocinnamone) is used in various synthetic preparations.

Ionomycin is an calcium ionophore and an antibiotic that binds calcium ions (Ca2+). It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces conglobatus.It is used in research to raise the intracellular calcium level (Ca2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca2+ transport across biological membranes. Ionomycin promotes apoptosis and induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

S-Dihydrodaidzein ((3S)-7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one) is an enantiomer of dihydrodaidzein which is involved in equol biosynthesis in a lactic acid bacterium, Lactococcus sp. strain.

2-Hydroxydecanoic acid ((±)-α-hydroxy Decanoic Acid) is a fatty acid found in the lipophilic portion of the lipopolysaccharide fraction of the aerobic bacterium P. ovalis.

α-D-Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate is abis-phosphorylated derivative of α-D-glucose that has roles in carbohydrate metabolism.1It is the product of the reaction of glucose-1- or 6-phosphate with glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase (PGM2LI) in the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate.2It is also a cofactor for the bacterial enzyme phosphopentomutase.3,4α-D-Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate has been used in the study of carbohydrate metabolism. 1.Beitner, R.Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in extrahepatic tissues; comparison with fructose 2,6-bisphosphateInt. J. Biochem.22(6)553-557(1990) 2.Maliekal, P., Sokolova, T., Vertommen, D., et al.Molecular identification of mammalian phosphopentomutase and glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase, two members of the α-D-phosphohexomutase familyJ. Biol. Chem.282(44)31844-31851(2007) 3.Moustafa, H.M.A., Zaghloul, T.I., and Zhang, Y.-H.P.A simple assay for determining activities of phosphopentomutase from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritimaAnal. Biochem.50175-81(2016) 4.Panosian, T.D., Nannemann, D.P., Watkins, G.R., et al.Bacillus cereus phosphopentomutase is an alkaline phosphatase family member that exhibits an altered entry point into the catalytic cycleJ. Biol. Chem.286(10)8043-8054(2011)

Carubicin is an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Actinomadura carminata. Carubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.

Kanamycin is isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces kanamyceticus and its most commonly used form is kanamycin sulfate. Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside bacteriocidal antibiotic and used to treat a wide variety of infections. Kanamycin interacts with the

1,3,7-Trihydroxy-2-prenylxanthone (Isombarraxanthone) shows weak antibacterial activity against the bacterium.

Tropodithietic acid, a sulfur-containing antibiotic produced by the marine bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens, exhibits potent antibiotic efficacy across a diverse array of bacteria, encompassing alpha- and gammaproteobacteria, flavobacteria, and actinobacteria.

Milbemycin A4, a distinguished member of the macrocyclic lactones family featuring a unique spiroketal group, is derived from the fermentation of the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus. It acts by enhancing the opening of glutamate and GABA-gated chloride channels, rendering it effective as both a nematocide and insecticide.

Benzylideneacetone, a monoterpene produced by the insect pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila, is a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor with inhibitory effects on arachidonoid biosynthesis and enhances baculovirus pathogenicity of Xylaria minor.

Monascorubramine, a microbial colorant, is produced by the Monascus species, originating from the bacterium Talaromyces. Its hue and chromaticity values vary under different pH conditions [1].

Polymyxin B2 is an antibiotic primarily utilized for resistant Gram-negative infections. It is derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa.

Bicyclomycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against Gram-negative bacteria and the Gram-positive bacterium, Micrococcus luteusn.

Deoxyfusapyrone is an α-pyrone fungal metabolite originally isolated from F. semitectum and has antifungal activity. It is active against C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. flavus human mycoses (MICs = 1.56-6.25 μg/ml). Deoxyfusapyrone is also active against a variety of filamentous fungi, but not yeast or the bacterium B. megaterium, in a disc assay.

Ascochin, an isocoumarin derivative and fungal metabolite identified in Ascochyta, demonstrates antimicrobial activity. At a concentration of 0.5 mg/disc, it inhibits Bacillus megaterium (the bacterium), Mycosphaerella violaceum (the plant pathogenic fungus), and Chlorella fusca (the alga) in agar diffusion assays.

Dihydrotetrodecamycin, a fungal metabolite extracted from S. nashvillensis, exhibits antibacterial properties. It demonstrates activity against the fish-pathogenic bacterium P. piscicida.

Monensin B is a polyketide compound derived from the bacterium Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Its production involves the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis, resulting in a mixture of Monensin A and Monensin B. The ratio of these two compounds depends on the concentrations of ethylmalonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA.

1. alpha-Cyperone (α-Cyperone) is a promising inhibitor of Hla production by S. aureus and protects lung cells from this bacterium. 2. alpha-Cyperone significantly inhibited PGE2 production by suppressing the LPS-induced expression of inducible COX-2 at both the mRNA and the protein levels , downregulated the production and mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. 3. alpha-Cyperone inhibited actin cytoskeleton polymerization induced by APEC-O78 through down regulating the expression of Nck-2, Cdc42 and Rac1.