cytidine

Cytidine (Cytosine-1-β-D-ribofuranoside) is a pyrimidine nucleoside comprised of a cytosine bound to ribose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a precursor for uridine. Both cytidine and uridine are utilized in RNA synthesis.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphate trisodium salt (CDP) catalyzes the production of Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) for DNA and RNA synthesis by transferring a phosphoryl group from ATP to cytidine monophosphate (CMP) through the action of uridine monophosphate kinase (UMPK).

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Cytidylic acid) is a nucleotide integral to RNA, comprising the nucleobase cytosine, pentose ribose, and phosphate groups.

Cytidine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt is one of the endogenous metabolites and is a cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channel agonist.

2'-Deoxycytidine is one of the major nucleosides of DNA consisting of cytosine and deoxyribose and inhibits the biological effects of bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). The nucleoside consists only of a pentose sugar attached to a purine or pyrimidine base and has no phosphate group. When N1 is attached to C1 of deoxyribose, deoxyribosides and nucleotides are formed from cytosine and deoxyribose; deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP), and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). cTP is the source of cytosine in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is the source of deoxycytidine in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Itaconic acid is a polymer.

Citicoline (CDP-Choline) is an intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a component of cell membranes. Citicoline exerts neuroprotective effects.

5-Azacytidine (Ladakamycin) is a cytidine nucleoside analog, a DNA methylation inhibitor with specificity. 5-Azacytidine regulates gene expression by decreasing the level of DNA methylation. 5-Azacytidine induces autophagy and has antitumor activity.

N4-Acetylcytidine (N-Acetylcytidine) is a modified nucleoside. N4-acetylcytidine is an endogenous urinary nucleoside product of the degradation of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA); urinary nucleosides are biological markers for patients with colorectal cancer.

5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5MedCyd) is a pyrimidine nucleoside that when incorporated into single-stranded DNA can act in cis to signal de novo.

Deoxycytidine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate.It is a raw material in DNA synthesis. Deoxycytidine triphosphate has many applications, such as real-time PCR, cDNA synthesis, and DNA sequencing.

N4-Benzoyl-2′-deoxycytidine is a synthetic nucleoside analog of the natural nucleoside deoxycytidine (dC), a competitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase. In vitro studies have shown that it inhibits replication in viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic cells. It has also been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth in animal models.

5-Methylcytidine is a modified nucleoside derived from 5-methylcytosine and is a minor constituent of RNA as well as DNA for certain organisms.

Phosphorylcholine chloride calcium salt tetrahydrate (Phosphocholine chloride calcium salt tet) is a small haptenic molecule, is found in a wide variety of organisms. Human hepatic tumors undergo an elevation in the concentration of phosphorylcholine as the principal metabolic change is observed (PMID: 11076016 ). Phosphorylcholine chloride calcium salt tetrahydrate is the precursor metabolite of choline in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathways (KEGG, map00260) and in intermediate between choline and cytidine-diphosphate choline in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway (KEGG, map00564).

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid (2'-Deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate) is a substrate of uridine monophosphate (UMP) cytidine monophosphate (CMP) kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) that forms dCDP, which, upon phosphorylation to dCTP, supports DNA biosynthesis.

Pyrimidine (Metadiazine)s are heterocyclic, six-membered, nitrogen-containing carbon ring structures, with uracil, cytosine and thymine being the basal structures of ribose-containing nucleosides (uridine, cytidine, and thymidine respectively), or deoxyribose-containing deoxynucleosides, and their corresponding ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Pyrimidines serve essential functions in human metabolism as ribonucleotide bases in RNA (uracil and cytosine), and as deoxyribonucleotide bases in DNA (cytosine and thymine), and are linked by phosphodiester bridges to purine nucleotides in double-stranded DNA, in both the nucleus and the mitochondria. Pyrimidine activated sugars are also involved in polysaccharide and phospholipid synthesis, glucuronidation in detoxification processes, glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the recently identified novel endothelium-derived vasoactive dinucleotides.

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-diphosphate trisodium (dCDP) is used as a substrate of CDP (nucleoside diphosphate) kinase (2.7.4.6) for the production of dCTP to support DNA biosynthesis and reverse transcription.

3-Methylcytidine (methosulfate), a derivative of cytidine, serves as an internal standard for HPLC and is recognized for its epigenetic modification in tRNA, although its cellular role remains unclear. Research has explored its utility as a cancer biomarker, with findings indicating a notable increase in the urine of breast cancer patients.

N4-Acetylcytidine triphosphate sodium is an efficient substrate for T7 Polymerase-catalyzed in vitro transcription.

N4-Acetylcytidine triphosphate is an efficient substrate for T7 Polymerase-catalyzed in vitro transcription.

5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine is an oxidized derivative of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-mdC) in DNA, causing DNA damage reactions, chromosomal aberrations, replication fork damage, and loss of cell viability.5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine is an oxidized derivative of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine in DNA. Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine replication fork instability is associated with the presence of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) on chromatin.

5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine is an intermediate metabolite of the DNA synthesis inhibitor capecitabine.

Ancitabine hydrochloride (NSC 145668 HCl) is the hydrochloride salt of a cytarabine congener prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ancitabine is slowly hydrolyzed into cytarabine. Subsequently, cytarabine is converted to the triphosphate form within the cell and then competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA. Because the arabinose sugar sterically hinders the rotation of the molecule within DNA, DNA replication ceases, specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. Cytarabine agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair. Compared to cytarabine, a more prolonged, consistent cytarabine-mediated therapeutic effect may be achieved with ancitabine because of the slow hydrolytic conversion of ancitabine to cytarabine.

Cytidine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt is one of the endogenous metabolites and is a cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channel agonist.

5,6-Dihydrouridine, a modified base, is located in conserved positions within the D-loop of tRNA in Eukaryota, Bacteria, and some Archaea.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg/kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.