fluid

PLA2G2A Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 15.3 kDa and the accession number is P31482.

PIP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

PLA2G2A Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 15.4 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RA96.

Serpin A5 is a member of the human Serpin superfamily consists of at least 35 members. It is synthesized in the liver and has been detected in saliva, cerebral spinal fluid, amniotic fluid, tears and semen. As a potent inhibitor of the protein C anticoagulant pathway at the levels of both zymogen activation and enzyme inhibition, Serpin A5 additionally inhibits a variety of serine protease including thrombin, factor Xa, several kallekreins and acrosin. It plays a critical role in the processes of blood of blood coagulation and fertilization. Serpin A5 also inhibits urinary plasminogen activator (uPA), a mediator of tumor cell invasion, and regulates tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis. Furthermore, recent studies have identified PCI as a potent and direct inhibitor of activated HGFA (hepatocyte growth factor activator), suggesting a novel function in the regulation of tissue repair and regeneration. Similar to Serpins C1 and D1, the thrombin inhibitory activity of serpinA5 is enhanced by heparin.

Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) has canonical centrality in defense of key intestinal homeostatic mechanisms, encompassing fluid and electrolyte balance, epithelial dynamics, antitumorigenesis, and intestinal barrier function. GUCY2C may represent a new target for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. GUCY2C Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.01 kDa and the accession number is Q3UWA6-1.

Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney. Another hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, binds to the same receptor as parathyroid hormone and has major effects on development. Like most other protein hormones, parathyroid hormone is synthesized as a preprohormone. After intracellular processing, the mature hormone is packaged within the Golgi into secretory vesicles, the secreted into blood by exocytosis. Parathyroid hormone is secreted as a linear protein of 84 amino acids.

Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) has canonical centrality in defense of key intestinal homeostatic mechanisms, encompassing fluid and electrolyte balance, epithelial dynamics, antitumorigenesis, and intestinal barrier function. GUCY2C may represent a new target for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. GUCY2C Protein, Canine, Recombinant (aa 21-430, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.6 kDa and the accession number is F1PAG3.

Cystatin-SN, also known as Cystain-SA-I, Cystatin-1, Salivary cystatin-SA-1 and CST1, is a secreted protein which belongs to thecystatin family. The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. Cystatin-SN / CST1 is expressed in submandibular and sublingual saliva but not in parotid saliva (at protein level). Cystatin-SN / CST1 is also expressed in saliva, tears, urine and seminal fluid. Human saliva appears to contain several cysteine proteinase inhibitors that are immunologically related to cystatin S but that differ in their specificity due to amino acid sequence differences. Human salivary cystatins include Cystatin-S, Cystatin-S1, Cystatin-S2, Cystatin- SA, Cystatin-SN, Cystatin-C and Cystatin-D. Cystatin-SN is a much better inhibitor of papain and dipeptidyl peptidase I than is cystatin-S, although both inhibit ficin equally well.

cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase, also known as cyclic GMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase and PDE2A, is a peripheral membrane protein that belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family and PDE2 subfamily. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) comprise a family of enzymes that regulate the levels of cyclic nucleotides, key second messengers that mediate a diverse array of functions. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate signaling by cyclic nucleotides in diverse processes such as cardiac contractility, platelet aggregation, lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and smooth muscle contraction. PDE2A is an evolutionarily conserved cGMP-stimulated cAMP and cGMP PDE. PDE2A contains two GAF domains. PDE2A is expressed in brain and to a lesser extent in heart, placenta, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas. PDE2A is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. PDE2A is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis by the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), making PDE2-type enzymes important targets for drug discovery.

Carbonic anhydrase 5B, also known as carbonate dehydratase VB, carbonic anhydrase VB, CA-VB and CA5B, is amember of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family. The strongest expression of CA5B / CA-VB is in heart, pancreas, kidney, placenta, lung, and skeletal muscle. It is not expressed in liver. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes first discovered in 1933 that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CAs show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA5B / CA-VB is localized in the mitochondria and shows the highest sequence similarity to the other mitochondrial CA5A / CA-VA. CA5B / CA-VB has a wider tissue distribution than CA5A / CA-VA, which is restricted to the liver. The differences in tissue distribution suggest that the two mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases evolved to assume different physiologic roles. CA5A / CA-VA is activated by histamine, L-adrenaline, L- and D-histidine, and L- and D-phenylalanine. It is inhibited by coumarins, sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide and Foscarnet (phosphonoformate trisodium salt). CA5B / CA-VB is inhibited by coumarins, sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide (AZA), saccharin and Foscarnet (phosphonoformate trisodium salt).

Adrenomedullin consists of 52 amino acids and is a member of the adrenomedullin family. It s a a hypotensive peptide and has 1 intramolecular disulfide bond. It seems that adrenomedullin has a slight homology with the calcitonin gene-related peptide. Adrenomedullin has a highly expression in pheochromocytoma and adrenal medulla. It also can be detected in lung, ventricle and kidney tissues. Adrenomedullin and PAMP are potent hypotensive and vasodilatator agents. Numerous actions have been reported most related to the physiologic control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. In the kidney, adrenomedullin is diuretic and natriuretic, and both adrenomedullin and PAMP inhibit aldosterone secretion by direct adrenal actions. In pituitary gland, both peptides at physiologically relevant doses inhibit basal ACTH secretion. Both peptides appear to act in brain and pituitary gland to facilitate the loss of plasma volume, actions which complement their hypotensive effects in blood vessels. It is believed that adrenomedullin functions through combinations of the calcitonin receptor like receptor and receptor activity-modifying proteins complexes, as well as CGRP receptors.

Protein AMBP belongs to the calycin superfamily and Lipocalin family. AMBP can be cleaved into three chains: α-1-microglobulin, inter-α-trypsin inhibitor light chain and trypstatin. AMBP is expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. α-1-microglobulin occurs in many physiological fluids including the plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor is present in the plasma and urine. α-1-microglobulin occurs as a monomer and also in complexes with IgA and albumin, Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor inhibits trypsin, plasmin and lysosomal granulocytic elastase. Trypstatin act as a trypsin inhibitor, exists in a monomer forms and also occurs as a complex with tryptase in mast cells.

S100 protein is a family of low molecular weight protein found in vertebrates characterized by two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. There are at least 21 different S100 proteins, and the name is derived from the fact that the protein is 100% soluble in ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. Most S100 proteins are disulfide-linked homodimer, and is normally present in cells derived from the neural crest, chondrocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc. S100 proteins have been implicated in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. They are involved in regulation of protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, the dynamics of cytoskeleton constituents, enzyme activities, cell growth and differentiation, and the inflammatory response. Protein S100-A12, also known as S100 calcium-binding protein A12, Calcium-binding protein in amniotic fluid 1, Calgranulin-C, and S100A12, is a member of the S-101 family. Like the majority of S100 proteins, S100A12 is a dimer, with the interface between the two subunits being composed mostly of hydrophobic residues. The fold of S100A12 is similar to the other known crystal and solution structures of S100 proteins, except for the linker region between the two EF-hand motifs. S100A12 plays an important role in the inflammatory response.

Cystatin-S, also known as Cystatin-4, Salivary acidic protein 1, Cystatin-SA-III and CST4, is a secreted protein which belongs to thecystatin family. Cystatin-4 / CST4 is expressed in submandibular and sublingual saliva but not in parotid saliva (at protein level). It is also expressed in saliva, tears, urine and seminal fluid. The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions. Cystatin-4 / CST4 strongly inhibits papain and ficin, partially inhibits stem bromelain and bovine cathepsin C, but does not inhibit porcine cathepsin B or clostripain. Papain is inhibited non-competitively. Cystatin-4 / CST4 is an S-type cystatin, based on its high level of expression in saliva, tears and seminal plasma. The specific role in these fluids is unclear but antibacterial and antiviral activity is present, consistent with a protective function.

Kallikrein-8, also known as Neuropsin, Serine protease 19, Serine protease TADG-14, Tumor-associated differentially expressed gene 14 protein, and KLK8 is a secreted protein that belongs to the peptidase S1 family and Kallikrein subfamily. It is a serine protease that is capable of degrading some proteins such as casein, fibrinogen, kininogen, fibronectin, and collagen type IV. Kallikrein-8 / KLK8 plays a role in the formation and maturation of orphan and small synaptic boutons in the Schaffer-collateral pathway. It regulates Schaffer-collateral long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and is required for memory acquisition and synaptic plasticity. It is involved in skin desquamation and keratinocyte proliferation and plays a role in the secondary phase of pathogenesis following spinal cord injury. It also cleaves L1CAM in response to increased neural activity. It induces neurite outgrowth and fasciculation of cultured hippocampal neurons. Kallikrein-8 / KLK8 is expressed at high levels in serum, ascites fluid, and tumor cytosol of advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients and may serve as a marker of ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 / KLK8 may have potential clinical value for disease diagnosis or prognosis and it may also be a useful therapeutic target.

CALCB, also known as CGPR and calcitonin 2, belongs to the calcitonin family. CALCB is a calcitonin (CT) peptide which may play a role in the mediation of human inflammatory diseases. It is highly expressed in the skin, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. CGRP immunolabeling (IL) was detected in epidermal keratinocytes at levels that were especially high and widespread in the skin of humans from locations afflicted with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and complex region pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS), of monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, and of rats subjected to L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation, sciatic nerve chronic constriction, and subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Increased CGRP-IL was also detected in epidermal keratinocytes of transgenic mice with keratin-14 promoter driven overexpression of noggin, an antagonist to BMP-4 signaling. CGPR dilates a variety of vessels including the coronary, cerebral and systemic vasculature.

NME1, also known as Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase A (NDK-A), or NM23-H1, belongs to the NDK family. NM23-H1 is known to have a metastasis suppressive activity in many tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that the interacting proteins with NM23-H1 which mediate cell proliferation, may act as modulators of the metastasis suppressor activity. The interacting proteins with NM23-H1 can be classified into 3 groups. The first group of proteins can be classified as upstream kinases of NM23-H1 such as CKI and Aurora-A/STK15. The second group of proteins acts as downstream effectors for the regulation of specific gene transcriptions, GTP-binding protein functions, and signal transduction in the Erk signal cascade. The third group of proteins can be classified as bi-directionally influencing binding partners of NM23-H1. As a result, the interactions with NM23-H1 and binding partners have implications in the biochemical characterization involved in metastasis and tumorigenesis. NDKA is increased in human postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a model of global brain insult, suggesting that measurement in CSF and, more importantly, in plasma may be useful as a biomarker of stroke. Additionally, NM23-H1 significantly reduces metastasis without effects on primary tumor size and was the first discovered metastasis suppressor gene.

S100-B, is an acidic protein with a molecular weight of 21 kDa belonging to the S100 family. S100-B contains two EF-hand-type calcium-binding motifs separated by a hinge region with a hydrophobic cleft. S100-B plays an important role in neurodevelopment, differentiation, and brain construction. S100-B has neuroprotective effects, but at high concentrations S100-B is neurotoxic. Extracellular concentration of S100-B increases following brain damage, which easily penetrates into cerebrospinal fluid in brain damage and then into the blood. S100-B is expressed and produced by astrocytes in vertebrate brains and in the CNS, and the astrocytes are the major cells producing S100-B protein in gray matter, as well as oligodendrocytes are the predominant S100-B in protein producing cells in white matter. The major advantage of using S100-B is that elevations in serum or CSF levels provide a sensitive measure for determining CNS injury at the molecular level before gross changes develop, enabling timely delivery of crucial medical intervention before irreversible damage occurs. In addition, S100-B, which is also present in Mouse melanocytes, is a reliable marker for melanoma malignancy both in bioptic tissue and in serum.

Carbonic Anhydrase-Related Protein 11 (CA11) is a secreted protein member of the α-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CA11 is expressed abundantly in the brain with moderate expression also present in spinal cord and thyroid. CA11 may play a general role in the central nervous system.

Lipocalin-1, also known as Von Ebner gland protein, VEG protein, Tear Prealbumin, VEGP, Tear lipocalin, and LCN1 is a secreted protein that belongs to the calycin superfamily and Lipocalin family. Human Lipocalin-1 / VEGP was originally described as a major protein of human tear fluid, which was thought to be tear specific. Lipocalin-1 / VEGP is identical to lingual von Ebner's gland protein and is also produced in the prostate, nasal mucosa, and tracheal mucosa. Homologous proteins have been found in the rat, pig, and probably dog and horse. Lipocalin-1 / VEGP is an unusual lipocalin member, because of its high promiscuity for relative insoluble lipids and binding characteristics that differ from other members. Lipocalin-1 / VEGP acts as the principal lipid-binding protein in tear fluid, a more general physiological function has to be proposed due to its wide distribution and properties. Lipocalin-1 / VEGP would be ideally suited for scavenging of lipophilic, potentially harmful substances and thus might act as a general protection factor of epithelia. Lipocalin-1 / LCN1 could play a role in taste reception. It could be necessary for the concentration and delivery of sapid molecules in the gustatory system. Lipocalin-1 / LCN1 can bind various ligands, with chemical structures ranging from lipids and retinoids to the macrocyclic antibiotic rifampicin and even to microbial siderophores. It exhibits an extremely wide ligand pocket.

Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial, also known as Carbonate dehydratase VA, Carbonic anhydrase VA, CA-VA and CA5A, is a member of thealpha-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes first discovered in 1933 that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CA5A / CA-VA is activated by histamine, L-adrenaline, L- and D-histidine, and L- and D-phenylalanine. It is inhibited by coumarins, sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide and Foscarnet (phosphonoformate trisodium salt).

Guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP-1) is a member of the GBP family whose members are GTPases induced in response to interferon-λ (IFN-λ), with seven highly homologous members in humans, termed HuGBP-1 to HuGBP-7. GBP-1 expression is induced by type1 and type2 interferons, including IFN-λ and also by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-1α, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). GBP-1 is key to the protective immunity against microbial and viral pathogens. GBP-1 was only secreted from endothelial cells. Secretion occurred without the presence of a leader peptide. Secretion procession is a nonclassical, likely ABC transporter-dependent, pathway and independent of GBP-1 GTPase activity and isoprenylation, and did not require additional interferon-λ-induced factors. Clinically most important was the detection of significantly increased GBP-1 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis as compared to control patients.

Myocilin, also known as Trabecular meshwork-induced glucocorticoid response protein, MYOC, and GLC1A, is a protein that contains one olfactomedin-like domain. Myocilin / MYOC may participate in the obstruction of fluid outflow in the trabecular meshwork. Myocilin / MYOC is expressed in large amounts in various types of muscle, ciliary body, papillary sphincter, skeletal muscle, heart, and other tissues. Myocilin / MYOC is expressed predominantly in the retina. In normal eyes, it is found in the inner uveal meshwork region and the anterior portion of the meshwork. In contrast, in many glaucomatous eyes, it is found in more regions of the meshwork and appeared more intensively than in normal eyes, regardless of the type of clinical severity of glaucoma. Defects in Myocilin / MYOC may contribute to primary congenital glaucoma type 3A (GLC3A). Defects in MYOC may also contribute to this phenotype via digenic inheritance. GLC3A is an autosomal recessive form of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). PCG is characterized by a marked increase of intraocular pressure at birth or early childhood, large ocular globes (buphthalmos), and corneal edema.

Carbonic anhydrase 7, also known as carbonate dehydratase VII, carbonic anhydrase VII, CA-VII and CA7, is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to thealpha-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic anhydrases are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. Carbonic anhydrases show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA7 / CA-VII is predominantly expressed in the salivary glands. Alternative splicing in the coding region results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

Follistatin 288 is a secreted glycoprotein that was first identified as a follicle-stimulating hormone inhibiting substance in ovarian follicular fluid . Human follistatin 288 cDNA encodes a 317 amino acid (aa) protein with a 29 aa signal sequence, and a 288 aa mature region. Follistatin shows the highest affinity for activins due to its extended configuration. Genetic deletion of follistatin in mice, or expression of only the Follistatin form, is perinatally lethal due to defects of lung, skin and musculoskeletal system. Follistatins also regulate hematopoietic stem cell adhesion to fibronectin via FS2.

Vitamin D-Binding Protein (DBP) is a member of the ALB/AFP/VDB family. DBP is a secreted protein and contains three albumin domains. The primary structure contains 28 cysteine residues forming multiple disulfide bonds. DBP acts as a multifunctional protein found in plasma, ascitic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine and on the surface of many cell types. DBP binds to vitamin D and its plasma metabolites and transports them to target tissues. DBP associates with membrane-bound immunoglobulin on the surface of B-lymphocytes and with IgG Fc receptor on the membranes of T-lymphocytes.

Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) has canonical centrality in defense of key intestinal homeostatic mechanisms, encompassing fluid and electrolyte balance, epithelial dynamics, antitumorigenesis, and intestinal barrier function. GUCY2C may represent a new target for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. GUCY2C Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48.8 kDa and the accession number is P25092-1.

Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) has canonical centrality in defense of key intestinal homeostatic mechanisms, encompassing fluid and electrolyte balance, epithelial dynamics, antitumorigenesis, and intestinal barrier function. GUCY2C may represent a new target for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. GUCY2C Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (aa 24-430, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.2 kDa and the accession number is XP_005570270.1.

Plays a role in boundary lubrication within articulating joints. Prevents protein deposition onto cartilage from synovial fluid by controlling adhesion-dependent synovial growth and inhibiting the adhesion of synovial cells to the cartilage surface.; Isoform F plays a role as a growth factor acting on the primitive cells of both hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages. Proteoglycan 4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.8 kDa and the accession number is Q92954.

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes first discovered in 1933 that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, a reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst. The active site of most carbonic anhydrases contains a zinc ion, they are therefore classified as metalloenzymes. Several forms of carbonic anhydrase occur in nature. The primary function of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues. Plants contain a different form called β-carbonic anhydrase, which, from an evolutionary standpoint, is a distinct enzyme, but participates in the same reaction and also uses a zinc ion in its active site. Carbonic anhydrase 3, also known as Carbonate dehydratase III, CA-III and CA3, is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to thealpha-carbonic anhydrase family. CA3 is activated by proton donors such as imidazole and the dipeptide histidylhistidine. It is inhibited by coumarins and sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide. At 6 weeks gestation, transcripts accumulate at low levels in the somites and at high levels throughout the notochord. As gestation continues, CA3 becomes abundant in all developing muscle masses and continues at high to moderate levels in the notochord.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a critical hormone in the regulation of Ca++ homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney. Another hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, binds to the same receptor as parathyroid hormone and has major effects on development. Like most other protein hormones, parathyroid hormone is synthesized as a preprohormone. After intracellular processing, the mature hormone is packaged with in the Golgi into secretory vesicles, the secreted into blood by exocytosis. In renal epithelium, PTH promotes conversion of Vitamin D to its active form, lowers Ca++ excretion and increases phosphate excretion. PTH also increases hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and mobilization and induces arterial vasodilation by regulating Ca++ influx in PTH1R-expressing arterial smooth muscle.

Pentraxin-related protein PTX3, also known as Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 14 protein (TSG-14), belongs to the pentraxin family. PTX3 plays a role in the regulation of innate resistance to pathogens, inflammatory reactions, possibly clearance of self-components and female fertility. It’s subunit is a disulfide-linked homooctamer that binds to C1q. PTX3 concentration is elevated in the joint fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), indicating that PTX3 may be a potential mediator of immune response. PTX3 may also function in the regulation of the uptake and clearance of apoptotic cells by dendritic cells. An in vivo study showed that PTX3 transgenic mice are more resistant to sepsis and endotoxemia compared to wild-type during inflammatory injury.

To assess whether beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) has effects on articular chondrocytes that would implicate B2M involvement in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis.The average B2M level in OA synovial fluid is significantly higher than that found in normal synovial fluid. B2M is highly expressed in OA cartilage and synovial fluid compared to normal, and suggest that B2M may have effects on chondrocyte function that could contribute to OA pathogenesis.

Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) has canonical centrality in defense of key intestinal homeostatic mechanisms, encompassing fluid and electrolyte balance, epithelial dynamics, antitumorigenesis, and intestinal barrier function. GUCY2C may represent a new target for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. GUCY2C Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.01 kDa and the accession number is Q3UWA6-1.

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) is a secretory protein found in human upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. This innate material is secreted in mucosal fluid or found in submucosal tissue in the human soft palate, lung, uvula, and nasal cavity. BPIFA1 is a critical component of the innate immune response that prevents upper airway diseases.

Endogenous activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase. It stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins. May be a potent physiological regulator of intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport. May be an autocrine/paracrine regulator of intestinal salt and water transport. GUCA2B Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.5 kDa and the accession number is Q16661.

Chondrocyte protein 39 (YKL-39), also known as Chitinase 3-like 2 (CHI3L2), is a secretory protein of articular chondrocytes belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Its highest expression is in chondrocytes, followed by synoviocytes, lung and heart. YKL-39/CHI3L2 is not detected in spleen, pancreas, and liver. YKL-39/CHI3L2 may also be expressed in developing brain and placenta. YKL-39/CHI3L2, a cartilage-related protein, is found to induce arthritis accompanied by pathologic changes in bone and cartilage. A better understanding of the immune response against cartilage-related components including YKL-39 may help to elucidate the pathological processes of arthritic disorders. Upregulation of YKL-39/CHI3L2 in osteoarthritic cartilage suggests that YKL-39/CHI3L2 may be a more accurate marker of chondrocyte activation than YKL-40, although it has yet to be established as a suitable marker in synovial fluid and serum. The decreased expression of YKL-40 by osteoarthritic chondrocytes is surprising as increased levels have been reported in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial fluid, where it may derive from activated synovial cells or osteophytic tissue or by increased matrix destruction in the osteoarthritic joint. YKL-39 and YKL-40 are potentially interesting marker molecules for arthritic joint disease because they are abundantly expressed by both normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes.

PHYH belongs to the family of iron(II)-dependent oxygenases, which typically incorporate one atom of dioxygen into the substrate and one atom into the succinate carboxylate group. PHYH is expressed in liver, kidney, and T-cells, but not in spleen, brain, heart, lung and skeletal muscle. It converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA. Defects in PHYH can cause Refsum disease (RD). RD is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by a tetrad of abnormalities: retinitis pigmentosa, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and elevated protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients exhibit accumulation of the branched-chain fatty acid, phytanic acid, in blood and tissues.