gemcitabine

Gemcitabine (LY188011) is a synthetic cytosine nucleoside derivative and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Gemcitabine has antitumor and antimetabolic activities. Gemcitabine induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Gemcitabine hydrochloride (LY 188011 hydrochloride) is a synthetic cytosine nucleoside derivative and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Gemcitabine has antitumor and antimetabolic activities. Gemcitabine induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Gemcitabine monophosphate disodium salt is a monophosphate derivative of Gemcitabine.

Gemcitabine-O-Si(di-iso)-O-Mc, a drug-linker conjugate for Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC), exhibits potent antitumor activity. It incorporates Gemcitabine, a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and antineoplastic agent, connected through the ADC linker[1].

Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126), is a lipophilic, unsaturated fatty acid ester derivative of gemcitabine (dFdC), an antimetabolite deoxynucleoside analogue, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon hydrolysis intracellularly by esterases, the prodrug gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and tri-phosphate (dFdCDP and dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis.

Gemcitabine EP Impurity C-13C-15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled compound of Gemcitabine EP Impurity C.

R306465 is a novel HDAC inhibitor with broad-spectrum antitumor activity against solid (IC50: 30 to 300 nM) and hematological malignancies. R306465 was found to be a potent inhibitor of HDAC1 and -8 (class I) in vitro.

Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126) hydrochloride is lipophilic pro-drug of Gemcitabine. Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride is converted to Gemcitabine by esterases in order to be phosphorylated. In contrast to gemcitabine, Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride could be administered orally, with a schedule and dose dependent toxicity and antitumor activity.

Gemcitabine triphosphate (dFdCTP), alongside its counterpart, the active diphosphate (dFdCDP), represents one of the two primary nucleoside metabolites of Gemcitabine within cellular structures. It serves as a benchmark in radiolabeled probe imaging investigations aimed at pinpointing tumors responsive to Gemcitabine. Furthermore, it is instrumental in assessing the compound's absorption and retention by cells [1] [2].

AFMK (Formyl-N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamine) is an active metabolite of Melatonin with antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. AFMK is a modulator of apoptosis and improves the anti-tumor effect of Gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells.

LY2334737 is an orally available prodrug of gemcitabine with antineoplastic activity.

FF-10502 is a pyrimidine nucleoside antimetabolite and a structural analog of Gemcitabine. This compound effectively inhibits DNA polymerase α and β, demonstrating potent anticancer activity by targeting dormant cells.

SIRT6-IN-3 (compound 8a), a selective SIRT6 inhibitor (IC50 = 7.49 μM), impedes the proliferation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and prompts apoptosis. It enhances the responsiveness of cancer cells to gemcitabine by obstructing the DNA damage repair pathway, thus serving as a valuable tool in pancreatic cancer research [1].

Gemcitabine-ibandronate (GEM–IB), a conjugate of gemcitabine (GEM)-5'-phosphate with ibandronate (IB), exhibits efficacy both as a monotherapy and synergistically with Docetaxel (DTX), resulting in diminished tumor burden, maintained bone structure, and enhanced survival in a murine osteosarcoma (OS) model [1].

PD-321852 is a small-molecule Chk1 inhibitor, which potentiates gemcitabine-induced clonogenic death in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines and evaluated the relationship between endpoints associated with Chk1 inhibition and chemosensitization. Gemcitabine chemosensitization by minimally toxic concentrations of PD-321852 ranged from minimal (<3-fold change in survival) in Panc1 cells to >30-fold in MiaPaCa2 cells. PD-321852 inhibited Chk1 in all cell lines as evidenced by stabilization of Cdc25A; in combination with gemcitabine, a synergistic loss of Chk1 protein was observed in the more sensitized cell lines.

TC113, a Gemcitabine (GEM)-based conjugate incorporating the c(RGDyK) sequence, is internalized by A549 cells via the integrin αvβ3 pathway. It demonstrates significant antiproliferative effects on both WM266.4 and A549 cell lines.

DSPE-PEG(2000)-amine is a PEGylated derivative of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE . It has been used in the synthesis of solid lipid and thermosensitive liposomal nanoparticles for the delivery of anticancer agents.1,2,3DSPE-PEG(2000)-amine has also been used in the synthesis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles for imaging applications.4It can be conjugated to a variety of functional molecules for improved cellular targeting and uptake of DSPE-PEG(2000)-amine-containing nanoparticles.4,5 1.Sloat, B.R., Sandoval, M.A., Li, D., et al.In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activities of a gemcitabine derivative carried by nanoparticlesInt. J. Pharm.409(1-2)278-288(2011) 2.Abd-Rabou, A.A., Bharali, D.J., and Mousa, S.A.Taribavirin and 5-fluorouracil-loaded pegylated-lipid nanoparticle synthesis, p38 docking, and antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 breast cancerPharm. Res.35(4)76(2018) 3.Affram, K., Udofot, O., Singh, M., et al.Smart thermosensitive liposomes for effective solid tumor therapy and in vivo imagingPLoS One12(9):e0815116(2017) 4.Wang, L.-S., Wu, L.-C., Lu, S.-Y., et al.Biofunctionalized phospholipid-capped mesoporous silica nanoshuttles for targeted drug delivery: Improved water suspensibility and decreased nonspecific protein bindingACS Nano4(8)4371-4379(2010) 5.Wen, X., Wang, K., Zhao, Z., et al.Brain-targeted delivery of trans-activating transcriptor-conjugated magnetic PLGA/lipid nanoparticlesPLoS One9(9):e106652(2014)

S-Gem, a thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)-dependent prodrug of Gemcitabine, is selectively activated by TrxR. Studies indicate that S-Gem exhibits lower cytotoxicity than Gemcitabine [1].

SL-01 is an oral derivative of gemcitabine. SL-01 inhibited human breast cancer growth through the induction of apoptosis. SL-01 inhibited human cancer growth more potently than gemcitabine.

Tetrahydrouridine (NSC-112907; THU) is a multidrug resistance modulator. It can be used in cancer treatment to make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. THU is a competitive cytidine deaminase(CDA) inhibitor that inhibits deamination in the catabolism of cytotoxic deoxycytidine analogs such as ara-C and Gemcitabine.

Troxacitabine, a DNA polymerase inhibitor, is potentially used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In comparison with gemcitabine, troxacitabine was equally active against MiaPaCa and was more efficacious against Panc-01.

RX-3117 (fluorocyclopentenylcytosine) is a novel a cytidine analog. RX-3117 displays anticancer activity in several cancer cell lines, including gemcitabine-resistant variants.

CBL0137 (Curaxin 137), a metabolically stable curaxin, activates p53 (EC50: 0.37 μM) and inhibits NF-κB (EC50: 0.47 μM). It functionally inactivates the facilitates chromatin transcription complex (FACT), driving the effects on p53 and NF-κB and promoting cancer cell death. CBL0137 has broad anticancer activity in mice when administered orally, eradicates drug-resistant cancer stem cells, and potentiates the efficacy of gemcitabine in preClinicalal models of pancreatic cancer.

Ivaltinostat (CG-200745) formic is an oral active panHDAC inhibitor with an isohydroxamic acid component that binds zinc at the bottom of the catalytic pocket. Ivaltinostat formic inhibited the deacetylation of histone H3 and tubulin. Ivaltinostat formic promotes p53 accumulation, induces p53-dependent trans activation, and enhances MDM2 and p21 (Waf1/Cip1) protein expression. Ivaltinostat formic increases the sensitivity of Gemcitabine resistant cells to Gemcitabine and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Ivaltinostat formic induces apoptosis and has antitumor effect.

GNE-900 is an ATP-competitive ChK1 inhibitor with selective and oral activity.GNE-900 inhibits ChKl and ChK2 with IC50 values of 0.0011 and 1.5 µM, respectively.GNE-900 enhances DNA damage and induces apoptosis. GNE-900 has antitumor activity.

Mc-O-Si(di-iso)-Cl is a cleavable ADC linker, commonly employed in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) like Gemcitabine-O-Si(di-iso)-O-Mc [1].

N-(5-Hydroxypentyl)maleimide is a non-cleavable ADC linker, commonly employed in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). It serves as a crucial component in the production of Gemcitabine-O-Si(di-iso)-O-Mc, an ADC compound [1].

Acelarin (NUC-1031) (NUC-1031) is a ProTide enhancement and transformation of the nucleoside analog, gemcitabine.

2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) is the major metabolite of Gemcitabine.2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine has anticancer and antitumor activity, and shows radiosensitization under hypoxic conditions, and can be used to study pancreatic cancer.

PF 477736 (PF-736,PF-00477736) is a specifc, effective and ATP-competitive Chk1 inhibitor (Ki: 0.49 nM ) and also inhibits FGFR3, Aurora-A, VEGFR2, Flt3, Fms (CSF1R), Ret and Yes.

CB-1158-analog, also known as Numidargistat-analog and INCB01158-analog, is a potent and orally active arginase inhibitor with IC50=89 nM) . CB-1158 blocked myeloid cell-mediated suppression of T cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in multiple mouse models of cancer, as a single agent and in combination with checkpoint blockade, adoptive T cell therapy, adoptive NK cell therapy, and the chemotherapy agent gemcitabine. CB-1158 increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and NK cells, inflammatory cytokines, and expression of interferon-inducible genes. CB-1158 may be potentially useful in renal cell cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and other tumor types where arginase-secreting MDSCs are known to play an immunosuppressive role. (see ADDITIONAL INFORMATION in this web page for CB-1158 structure confusion).

GEM-5, a gemcitabine-based conjugate incorporating a HIF-1α inhibitor (YC-1) (IC 50 =30 nM), notably suppresses HIF-1α expression while enhancing tumor suppressor p53 expression. It induces apoptosis in A2780 cells and curbs tumor growth [1].

Viral polymerase-IN-1 hydrochloride, a derivative of Gemcitabine, effectively inhibits influenza A and B virus infections, demonstrating IC90 values ranging from 11.4 to 15.9 μM, and possesses activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This compound acts by interfering with viral RNA replication/transcription within cells [1].

TW9 is a dual inhibitor of bromodomain 2 (BD2) in bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1; IC50s = 0.074 and 0.29 μM, respectively).1It is selective for BD2 over BD1 in BRD4 (IC50= 0.72 μM) and for HDAC1 over HDAC2 (IC50= 2.5 μM). TW9 (50 nM) induces apoptosis in, and inhibits proliferation of, MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. It induces cell cycle arrest at the G1phase in HPAC pancreatic cancer cells when used at a concentration of 2 μM. TW9 acts synergistically with gemcitabine to reduce the viability of HPAC cells. 1.Zhang, X., Zegar, T., Weiser, T., et al.Characterization of a dual BET/HDAC inhibitor for treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaInt. J. Cancer147(10)2847-2861(2020)

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a synthetic immunoreactive peptide, consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid attached to a short amino acid chain of L-Ala-D-isoGln. Muramyl dipeptide indirectly decreases osteoclast differentiation through a decreased RANKL/OPG ratio. Muramyl dipeptide directly increases osteoblast differentiation by up-regulating Runx2 gene expression through MAPK pathways. Muramyl dipeptide is an inducer of bone formation through the induction of Runx2 .