Inosine Triphosphate Pyrophosphatase (ITPase) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that belongs to the HAM1 NTPase family. ITPase hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP) and deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) to the monophosphate nucleotide (IMP) and diphosphate. The ITPase enzyme acts as a homodimer and does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. ITPase probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions. Defects in ITPase is thought to be inherited and is characterized by an over-accumulation of ITP in erythocytes, leukocytes and fibroblasts.

UBE2D4 is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating E2 family whose members perform the second step in the ubiquitination reaction. Initially identified as the main process for protein degradation, ubiquitination is believed nowadays to be crucial for a wider range of cellular processes. The outcome of the ubiquitin-conjugation reaction, and thereby the fate of the substrate, is heavily dependent on the number of ubiquitin molecules attached and how these ubiquitin molecules are inter-connected. To deal with this complexity and to allow adequate ubiquitination in time and space, a highly sophisticated conjugation machinery has been developed. In a sequential manner, ubiquitin becomes activated by a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), which then transfers the ubiquitin to a group of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). Next, ubiquitin-loaded E2s are interacting with ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) and ubiquitin is conjugated to substrates on recruitment by the E3. These three key enzymes are operating in a hierarchical system, wherein two E1s and 35 E2s have been found and hundreds of E3s have been identified in humans. It has been identified the UBE2D family (UBE2D1-4) as E2 partners for IDOL that support both autoubiquitination and IDOL-dependent ubiquitination of the LDLR in a cell-free system.

OVOL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli.

RPS10P5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli.

AmiB2 Protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli.

Hydrolyzes N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (MMA) which act as inhibitors of NOS. Has therefore a role in the regulation of nitric oxide generation. DDAH2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST & His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.2 kDa and the accession number is O95865.

Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Its cognate antitoxin is RelB. YafQ Protein, Haemophilus influenzae, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.4 kDa and the accession number is P44041.

Protein CutA (CUTA) posseses a signal peptide and is widely expressed in brain. CUTA mayforms part of a complex of membrane proteins attached to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). CUTA takes part in cellular tolerance to a broad range of divalent cations other than copper. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, both protein-coding and non-protein-coding, have been found.

N/A. HP-0175 Protein, Helicobacter pylori, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 58.8 kDa and the accession number is P56112.

Serine hydrolase whose substrates have not been identified yet. May negatively regulate basal or autocrine TGF-beta signaling by suppressing SMAD2-SMAD3 phosphorylation. May play a role in the transformation process due to its capacity to confer resistance to the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-beta through interaction with RB1 and the subsequent displacement of E2F1. RBBP9 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 22.4 kDa and the accession number is O88851.

Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs, and regulates their stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing. Acts as a regulator of mRNA stability by promoting degradation of m6A-containing mRNAs via interaction with the CCR4-NOT complex. The YTHDF paralogs (YTHDF1, YTHDF2 and YTHDF3) shares m6A-containing mRNAs targets and act redundantly to mediate mRNA degradation and cellular differentiation. Required to facilitate learning and memory formation in the hippocampus by binding to m6A-containing neuronal mRNAs. Acts as a regulator of axon guidance by binding to m6A-containing ROBO3 transcripts. Acts as a negative regulator of antigen cross-presentation in myeloid dendritic cells. In the context of tumorigenesis, negative regulation of antigen cross-presentation limits the anti-tumor response by reducing efficiency of tumor-antigen cross-presentation. Promotes formation of phase-separated membraneless compartments, such as P-bodies or stress granules, by undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation upon binding to mRNAs containing multiple m6A-modified residues: polymethylated mRNAs act as a multivalent scaffold for the binding of YTHDF proteins, juxtaposing their disordered regions and thereby leading to phase separation. The resulting mRNA-YTHDF complexes then partition into different endogenous phase-separated membraneless compartments, such as P-bodies, stress granules or neuronal RNA granules.

Zinc Finger BED Domain-Containing Protein 1 (ZBED1) contains one BED-type zinc finger and is found in the cell nucleus. ZBED1 is widely expressed, highly in heart, skeletal muscle, spleen and placenta. The expression of ZBED1 is usually linked to the cell cycle. During the G1/S phase, the expression is increasing. During the S/G2 phage, the expression reaches to the highest, and then decreasing. ZBED1 exists in homodimer forms, which can bind to 5’-TGTCCG[CT]GA[CT]A-3’ DNA elements, that can be found in the promoter regions of a number of gene related to cell proliferation.

ENPP5 is a member of the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family (NPP). It is a family comprised of dimeric enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate diester bonds. There are seven isoforms in NPP family, some of which prefer nucleotide substrates, some of which prefer phospholipid substrates, and others of which prefer substrates that have not yet been determined. NPP also belongs to the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily of enzymes and they are located in the cell membrane and hydrolyze extracellular phosphate diesters to affect a wide variety of biological processes. ENPP5 belongs to a group of nucleotidemetabolizing ectoenzymes, which regulate the availability of extracellular nucleotides. ENPP5 may play a role in neuronal cell communication. However, it lacks nucleotide pyrophosphatase and lysopholipase D activity. It may also be involved in neuronal cell communication. The amino acid sequence of human ENPP5 is 100%, 88%, and 82% identical to that of chimpanzee, dog and mouse/rat. ENPP5 functions in phospholipid metabolism.

UBE2F is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating E2 family whose members perform the second step in the ubiquitination reaction. Initially identified as the main process for protein degradation, ubiquitination is believed nowadays to be crucial for a wider range of cellular processes. The outcome of the ubiquitin-conjugation reaction, and thereby the fate of the substrate, is heavily dependent on the number of ubiquitin molecules attached and how these ubiquitin molecules are inter-connected. To deal with this complexity and to allow adequate ubiquitination in time and space, a highly sophisticated conjugation machinery has been developed. In a sequential manner, ubiquitin becomes activated by a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), which then transfers the ubiquitin to a group of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). Next, ubiquitin-loaded E2s are interacting with ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) and ubiquitin is conjugated to substrates on recruitment by the E3. These three key enzymes are operating in a hierarchical system, wherein two E1s and 35 E2s have been found and hundreds of E3s have been identified in humans.

Positive regulator of neurite outgrowth by stabilizing myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC). It prevents MIR-mediated MRLC ubiquitination and its subsequent proteasomal degradation.

N/A. ASAH2B Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.0 kDa and the accession number is P0C7U1.

POTEKP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli.

RC0497 Protein, Rickettsia conorii, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.6 kDa and the accession number is Q92IC3.

Putative polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like protein 1, also known as Polypeptide GalNAc transferase-like protein 1, Protein-UDP acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like protein 1, UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like protein 1, GalNAC-T-like protein 1, pp-GaNTase-like protein 1 and GALNTL1, belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GALNTL1 plays an important role in the protein modification and protein glycosylation process. GALNTL1 uses the manganese and calcium ion as a cofactor, may catalyze the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, transfers the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor.

Galectin-1 is a member of growing family of evolutionary conserved animal lectins. Galectin-1 is widely expressed in many cells and tissues. Galectins consists of a Galectin domain and two Beta-galactoside binding domains. Galectin-1 can binds LGALS3BP and interacts with CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD43 and CD45. Galectin-1 may act as an autocrine negative growth factor which regulates apoptosis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. In addition, Galectin-1 plays improtant roles in immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory properties.

Cornulin is a member of the fused gene family of molecular chaperones. Human Cornulin contains N-terminus EF-hand domains and Ca2+ binding domains, and two glutamine- and threonine-rich 60 amino acid repeats in its C-terminus. Cornulin involves in the mucosal/epithelial immune response and epidermal differentiation. Cornulin is a survival factor that participates in the clonogenicity of squamous esophageal epithelium cell lines, attenuates deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptotic cell death and release of calcium. When Cornulin is overexpressed in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines, it regulates negatively cell proliferation by the induction of G1 arrest.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, also known as UBE2W, E2 enzymes and more rarely as ubiquitin-carrier enzymes, perform the second step of protein ubiquitination. The modification of protein with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. UBE2W is a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is required for post-replicative DNA damage repair. It accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. It also catalyzes monoubiquitination and Lys-11 -linked polyubiquitination. UBE2W is also considered to regulate FANCD2 monoubiquitination. UBE2W exhibits ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity and catalyzes the monoubiquitination of PHD domain of Fanconi anemia complementation group L (FANCL). Over-expression of UBE2W in cells promotes the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and down-regulated UBE2W markedly reduces the UV irradiation-induced but not MMC-induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination.

N6AMT1 (N-6 Adenine-Specific DNA Methyltransferase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. 2 alternatively spliced human isoforms have been reported. This gene encodes an N(6)-adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase. It belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family. The encoded enzyme may be involved in the methylation of release factor I during translation termination. N6AMT1 has a significant role in determining susceptibility to arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity because of its specific activity in methylating MMAIII to DMA and other unknown mechanisms. N6AMT1 methylates the toxic inorganic arsenic (iAs) metabolite, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA), to the less toxic dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). N6AMT1 polymorphisms were associated with arsenic methylation in Andean women, independent of AS3MT.

May function in mediating immune cell-cell interactions. May act as a T-cell costimulatory molecule, enhancing anti-CD3-induced proliferation. May play a role in the interaction of dendritic cells with T-cells and the cells of the adaptive immune response. CLECL1P Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13 kDa and the accession number is Q8IZS7.

Could play a role in the determination of the epiblastic cells that subsequently give rise to the mesoderm. Activates the Nodal-dependent signaling pathway. TDGF1P3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 21.9 kDa and the accession number is P51864.

Putative phospholipase. PLBL2/PLBD2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 77.9 kDa and the accession number is Q4QQW8.

Putative phospholipase. PLBL2/PLBD2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 65.9 kDa and the accession number is Q3TCN2.

Putative Polycomb group protein ASXL1 involved in transcriptional regulation mediated by ligand-bound nuclear hormone receptors, such as retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). It acts as coactivator of RARA and RXRA through association with NCOA1. ASXL1 also acts as corepressor through recruitment of KDM1A and CBX5 to target genes in a cell-type specific manner; the function seems to involve differential recruitment of methylated histone H3 to respective promoters.

Hepcidin（HAMP）is a secreted protein that belongs to the hepcidin family.It is expressed in liver, heart and brain. It is involved in the maintenance of iron homeostasis, and it is necessary for the regulation of iron storage in macrophages, and for intestinal iron absorption. The preproprotein is post-translationally cleaved into mature peptides of 20, 22 and 25 amino acids, and these active peptides are rich in cysteines, which form intramolecular bonds that stabilize their beta sheet structures.

TRIB3 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.5 kDa and the accession number is Q8K4K2.

N/A. BH0637 Protein, Bacillus halodurans, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 57.7 kDa and the accession number is Q9KF49.

IGFBP-7, also known as Mac25/Angiomodulin (AGM), GFBP-rp1, tumor-derived adhesion factor (TAF) and prostacyclin-stimulating factor (PSF), is a secreted protein that contains three protein domain modules. Human IGFBP-rp1 cDNA encodes 282 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with a putative 26 aa signal peptide. IGFBP-7 binds IGF-I and IGF-II with a relatively low affinity. Stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production. Stimulates cell adhesion. IGFBP-7 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 53.20 kDa and the accession number is IGFBP-7.

Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), also called AILIM (activiation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule) and CRP-1 (CD28-related protein-1), is a member of the growing CD28 family of immune costimulatory receptors. Other family members are CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1. Human ICOS is a homodimeric type I transmembrane protein consisting of 199 amino acids (aa) with a putative 20 aa signal sequence, a 121 aa extracellular domain, a 23 aa transmembrane region, and a 35 aa cytoplasmic domain. ICOS Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 21-134, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9Y6W8-1.

Mouse Chordin-Like 2, also known as CHL2, is a novel chordin family member with structural homology to CHL1 which is implicated in tumor angiogenesis. The mouse CHL2 gene encodes a 426 amino acids (aa) protein with a 25 aa signal peptide. The mature chain of CHL2 protein contains two potential N-linked glycosylation sites, one putative NLS and three 63 aa cysteine-rich von Willebrand type C repeats (CRs). CHL2 gene is weakly expressed in the liver and kidney, partly expressed in the connective tissues of reproductive organs such as ligaments of the ovary and oviduct in females, and of testis, epididymis and certain male accessory sex glands in males. Recombinant mCHL2 protein interacted directly with five BMPs and one GDF thereby inhibiting, in vitro, several BMP/GDF-dependent processes including, osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 mesenchymal progenitor cells by several BMPs, ATDC5 embryonal carcinoma cells by GDF5 and BMP4-dependent lymphohematopoietic (CD34+CD31hi and CD34+CD31lo) progenitor cell development from ES cells. CHL2 may inhibits BMPs activity by blocking their interaction with their receptors, and has a negative regulator effect on the cartilage formation/regeneration from immature mesenchymal cells, by preventing or reducing the rate of matrix accumulation. Also, it may play a role during myoblast and osteoblast differentiation, and maturation.

CCN4/Wnt-induced secreted protein 1 (WISP1) is a secreted, cysteine-rich, heparin-binding glycoprotein, belonging to the CCN (CTGF/CYR61/NOV) family of growth factors, and is involved in diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and regulation of extracellular matrix. Members of the CCN family demonstrate high structural homology sharing four conserved cysteine-rich modular domains: an IGFBP (insulin-like growth factor-binding) domain, a von Willebrand type C domain, a thrombospondin domain and a C-terminal cysteine -knot domain. WISP1 is a putative downstream effector of the Wnt/Frizzled pathway that mediates diverse developmental processes, was identified as an oncogene regulated by the Wnt-1-beta-catenin pathway. Thus WISP1 may contribute to Wnt-1-mediated tumorigenesis and malignance. Expression of WISP1 in some cells results in transformation and tumorigenesis. WISP1 acts to block cell death at a late stage in the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. It was reported that WISP1 interacts with sulfated glycoconjugates, decorin and biglycan in the ECM of connective tissue, and possibly prevents their inhibitory activity in tumor cell proliferation.

TMEFF1 is a novel transmembrane protein, containing two follisatin domains and an epidermal growth factor-like region. The ectopic expression of TMEFF1 in brain cancer cells resulted in their growth inhibition. That TMEFF1 may behave as a tumor suppressor gene in brain cancers. TMEFF1 and TMEFF2 are putative transmembrane proteins comprised of one epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain and two follistatin-like domains. Both TMEFF1 and TMEFF2 are predominantly expressed in the brain. Tomoregulin-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 58.5 kDa and the accession number is Q8IYR6-1.

acid phosphatase-like protein 2, also known as ACPL2, is a secreted protein which belongs to thehistidine acid phosphatase family. A large-scale effort, termed the Secreted Protein Discovery Initiative (SPDI), was undertaken to identify novel secreted and transmembrane proteins. In the first of several approaches, a biological signal sequence trap in yeast cells was utilized to identify cDNA clones encoding putative secreted proteins. A second strategy utilized various algorithms that recognize features such as the hydrophobic properties of signal sequences to identify putative proteins encoded by expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from human cDNA libraries. A third approach surveyed ESTs for protein sequence similarity to a set of known receptors and their ligands with the BLAST algorithm. Finally, both signal-sequence prediction algorithms and BLAST were used to identify single exons of potential genes from within human genomic sequence.

Trypsin-3, also known as Trypsin III, brain trypsinogen, Serine protease 3 and PRSS3, is a secreted protein that belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Trypsin-3 / PRSS3 is expressed is in pancreas and brain. It contains one peptidase S1 domain. Trypsin-3 / PRSS3 can degrade intrapancreatic trypsin inhibitors that protect against CP. Genetic variants that cause higher mesotrypsin activity might increase the risk for chronic pancreatitis (CP). A sustained imbalance of pancreatic proteases and their inhibitors seems to be important for the development of CP. The trypsin inhibitor-degrading activity qualified PRSS3 as a candidate for a novel CP susceptibility gene. Trypsin-3 / PRSS3 has been implicated as a putative tumor suppressor gene due to its loss of expression, which is correlated with promoter hypermethylation, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma.

XCL2 is a small cytokine belonging to the XC chemokine family. Chemokines are a group of cytokines. Members of this group of so-called C-Chemokines belong to the SCY family of cytokines and are designated XCL (L for ligand) followed by a number. XCL2 is the new designation of SCM-1-beta. XCL2 is highly related to another chemokine called XCL1. XCL2 gene is located on chromosome 1 in humans. XCL2 is predominantly expressed in activated T cells, but can also be found at low levels in unstimulated cells. XCL2 induces chemotaxis of cells expressing the chemokine receptor XCR1. XCL2 gene has been proposed to participate in pathways (Chemokine signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction) and processes (blood circulation, signal transduction, chemotaxis, immune response). XCL2 are expected to have molecular function (chemokine activity) and to localize in various compartments (extracellular space, extracellular region). A putative protein interactor has been described (XCR1). The spliced mRNA putatively encodes a good protein, containing small cytokines (intecrine / chemokine), interleukin-8 like domain; the complete protein appears to be secreted.

CREB3L1, also known as OASIS, is a cellular transcription factor synthesized as a membrane-bound precursor. It is a putative endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor in astrocytes with a mechanism of activation. OASIS mRNA expression was detected in pancreatic β-cell lines and rodent islets, and the expression level was up-regulated by ER stress-inducing compounds. CREB3L1 may have a role in pancreas development. CREB3L1 may also play an important role in limiting virus spread by inhibiting proliferation of virus-infected cells. In vitro, CREB3L1 binds to box-B element, cAMP response element (CRE) and CRE-like sequences, and activates transcription through box-B element but not through CRE. It may play a role in gliosis.

Calcium sensor that participates in triggering neurotransmitter release at the synapse. May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone. A Ca(2+)-dependent interaction between synaptotagmin and putative receptors for activated protein kinase C has also been reported. It can bind to at least three additional proteins in a Ca(2+)-independent manner; these are neurexins, syntaxin and AP2. Plays a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes.

IGFBP-7, also known as Mac25/Angiomodulin (AGM), GFBP-rp1, tumor-derived adhesion factor (TAF) and prostacyclin-stimulating factor (PSF), is a secreted protein that contains three protein domain modules. Human IGFBP-rp1 cDNA encodes 282 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with a putative 26 aa signal peptide. IGFBP-7 binds IGF-I and IGF-II with a relatively low affinity. Stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production. Stimulates cell adhesion. IGFBP-7 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 53.03 kDa and the accession number is Q61581.

CST7 is a secreted protein and primarily expressed in peripheral blood cells and spleen.It is belongs to the cystatin family. The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions. This gene encodes a glycosylated cysteine protease inhibitor with a putative role in immune regulation through inhibition of a unique target in the hematopoietic system.

Valosin-Containing Protein (VCP) is a nuclear protein that belongs to the AAA ATPase family. VCP is a putative ATP-binding protein involved in vesicle transport and fusion, 26S proteasome function, and assembly of peroxisomes. It is necessary for the fragmentation of Golgi stacks during mitosis and their reassembly after mitosis. VCP has been implicated in a number of cellular events that are regulated during mitosis, including homotypic membrane fusion, spindle pole body function, and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. VCP participates in the formation of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER) and regulates E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of RNF19A.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 1, also known as sFRP1, is a 35 kDa prototypical member of the SFRP family. SFRP family consists of five secreted glycoproteins in humans acting as extracellular signaling ligands. Each is approximately 3 amino acids in length and contains a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) that shares 3-5% sequence homology with the CRD of Frizzled (Fz) receptors, a putative signal sequence, and a conserved hydrophilic carboxy-terminal domain. SFRPs act as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling, counteracting Wnt-induced effects at high concentrations and promoting them at lower concentrations. SFRPs are able to bind Wnt proteins and Fz receptors in the extracellular compartment. The interaction between SFRPs and Wnt proteins prevents the latter from binding the Fz receptors. The Wnt pathway plays a key role in embryonic development, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The deregulation of this critical developmental pathway occurs in several human tumor entities. Mouse sFRP1 is highly expressed in kidney and embryonic heart, as well as in the eye, where it is principally localized to the ciliary body and the lens epithelium.

CNTNAP2/CASPR2 is a member of the neurexin family which functions in the vertebrate nervous system as cell adhesion molecules and receptors. This protein, like other neurexin proteins, contains epidermal growth factor repeats and laminin G domains. In addition, it includes an F5/8 type C domain, discoidin/neuropilin- and fibrinogen-like domains, thrombospondin N-terminal-like domains and a putative PDZ binding site. CNTNAP2/CASPR2 is localized at the juxtaparanodes of myelinated axons, and mediates interactions between neurons and glia during nervous system development and is also involved in localization of potassium channels within differentiating axons. This protein encoding gene is directly bound and regulated by forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2), a transcription factor related to speech and language development. This gene has been implicated in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism, ADHD and mental retardation. CNTNAP2/CASPR2 may play a role in the formation of functional distinct domains critical for saltatory conduction of nerve impulses in myelinated nerve fibers. CNTNAP2/CASPR2 Seems to demarcate the juxtaparanodal region of the axo-glial junction.

Members of the CLIC family are largely soluble proteins that possess the intriguing property of spontaneous insertion into phospholipid bilayers to form integral membrane ion channels. Chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1), a newly discovered member of the chloride channel protein family, has been implicated in multiple human cancers. CLIC1 is a Chloride Intracellular Ion Channel protein that exists either in a soluble state in the cytoplasm or as a membrane bound protein. CLIC1 acts as a putative oncogene in pancreatic cancer and may represent a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Intracellular chloride channel protein 1 (CLIC1) participates in inflammatory processes by regulating macrophage phagosomal functions such as pH and proteolysis. CLIC1 is a novel therapeutic target to help reduce the adaptive immune response in autoimmune diseases. The expression of CLIC1 might be closely related to the carcinogenesis, clinical biological behaviors, and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Intracellular chloride channel 1 (CLIC1), a novel metamorphic protein, acts as a sensor of cell oxidation and is involved in inflammation.

INHBE (Inhibin Subunit Beta E) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a member of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate an inhibin beta subunit. INHBE was identified as a novel putative hepatokine with hepatic gene expression that positively correlated with insulin resistance and body mass index in humans. The quantitative real time-PCR analysis also showed an increase in INHBE gene expression in independent liver samples from insulin-resistant human subjects. INHBE functions as a possible hepatokine to alter the whole-body metabolic status under obese insulin-resistant conditions. Diseases associated with INHBE include Brachydactyly, Type A2, and Liver Benign Neoplasm.

PLAC9 belongs to the PLAC9 family. PLAC9 gene is a placental-enriched gene. There are other two placental-enriched genes: Plac1 and Plac8. Plac1 is strongly expressed in all trophoblast-derived cells in the placenta and has been described in 2. Plac8 expression is restricted to the spongiotrophoblast layer during development, whereas PLAC9 is weakly expressed though highly enriched in placenta. For both, cDNAs with complete open reading frames were recovered and exon-intron structures inferred from comparisons of mouse cDNA and genomic sequence. The predicted proteins both contain putative signal peptides, with a coiled-coil segment of mPLAC9 as the only other detected motif. Genomic sequence comparisons reveal that in addition to an apparent pseudogene on chromosome 1, Plac8 is expressed at mouse cytoband 5e3.

FRZB also known as sFRP-3, is a secreted protein containing a domain similar to the putative Wnt-binding region of the frizzled family of transmembrane receptors. FRZB is widely expressed in adult mammalian tissues. In the Xenopus gastrula, FRZB is regulated as a typical Spemann organizer component. FRZB also functions as a competitor for the cell-surface G-protein receptor Frizzled. It is espically important in embryonic development. Defects in FRZB gene can cause female-specific osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility. FRZB may serve an important role in determining hip shape and may modify the relationship between hip shape and OA.