short-chain

GDP-L-Fucose Synthase is a NADP(H)-binding protein. It catalyzes the two-step epimerase and the reductase reactions in GDP-D-mannose metabolism, converting GDP-4-keto-6-D-dexoymannose to GDP-L-fucose. GDP-L-Fucose is the substrate of several fucosyltransferase, involving the expression of mamy glycoconjugates, including blood group ABH antigens and development adhesion antigens. Mutations in the TSTA3 gene may cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II.

Can convert androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) to androsterone in vitro, suggesting that it may participate in androgen metabolism during steroidogenesis. May act by metabolizing compounds that stimulate steroid synthesis and/or by generating metabolites that inhibit it. Has no activity toward DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), or A-dione (4-androste-3,17-dione), and only a slight activity toward testosterone to A-dione. Tumor-associated antigen in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. HSD17B11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.8 kDa and the accession number is Q8NBQ5.

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate. Can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. Provides acetyl-CoA that is utilized mainly for oxidation under ketogenic conditions. Involved in thermogenesis under ketogenic conditions, using acetate as a vital fuel when carbohydrate availability is insufficient. ACSS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9NUB1.

Catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Modulates intracellular glucocorticoid levels, thus protecting the nonselective mineralocorticoid receptor from occupation by glucocorticoids. HSD11B2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.1 kDa and the accession number is P80365.

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate. Can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. Provides acetyl-CoA that is utilized mainly for oxidation under ketogenic conditions. Involved in thermogenesis under ketogenic conditions, using acetate as a vital fuel when carbohydrate availability is insufficient. ACSS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75.1 kDa and the accession number is Q9NUB1.

Alpha-Crystallin A Chain (CRYAA) belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family and can be induced by heat shock. The expression of CRYAA is preferentially restricted to the lens cell. CRYAA may contribute to the transparency and refractive index of the lens. CRYAA has chaperone-like activity, preventing aggregation of various proteins under a wide range of stress conditions. Two additional functions of CRYAA are an autokinase activity and participation in the intracellular architecture.

Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of 7-ketocholesterol to 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol. In intact cells, the reaction runs only in one direction, from 7-ketocholesterol to 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol. HSD11B1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.5 kDa and the accession number is P28845.

Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme that catalyzes the third step of the beta-oxidation cycle for medium and short-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoAs (C4 to C10). Plays a role in the control of insulin secretion by inhibiting the activation of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), an enzyme that has an important role in regulating amino acid-induced insulin secretion. HADH Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.0 kDa and the accession number is Q61425.

Favors the reduction of estrogens and androgens. Converts estrone (E1) to a more potent estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2). Also has 20-alpha-HSD activity. Uses preferentially NADH. HSD17B1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.3 kDa and the accession number is P14061.

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Protein, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli.

HSD17B13 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.8 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z5P4.

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate but can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. ACSS2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 82.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9QXG4.

N/A. HSD17B13 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.4 kDa and the accession number is Q5M875.

N/A. HSD17B13 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.4 kDa and the accession number is Q5M875.

Hemoglobin subunit theta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HBQ1 gene. Theta-globin mRNA is originally found in human fetal erythroid tissue but not in adult erythroid or other nonerythroid tissue. Theta-1 is a member of the human alpha-globin gene cluster that includes five functional genes and two pseudogenes. Research supports a transcriptionally active role for the gene and a functional role for the peptide in specific cells, possibly those of early erythroid tissue. Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristically composed of many multi-subunit globular proteins. Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices, connected by short non-helical segments. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein, causing attractions within the molecule, folding each polypeptide chain into a specific shape. Hemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement.

Catalyzes hydrolysis of N-hexanoyl-(S)-homoserine lactone, but not the R-enantiomer. Hydrolyzes short- and long-chain N-acyl homoserine lactones with or without 3-oxo substitution at C3, has maximum activity on C10-AHL. AiiA Protein, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp., Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.7 kDa and the accession number is P0CJ63.

Metalloprotease capable of the hydrolysis of insoluble hydrophobic substrates. Hydrolyzes azocoll and gelatin and, at a lower rate, soluble and insoluble collagens. Does not cleave short synthetic peptides. Preferentially hydrolyzes the 24-Phe-|-Phe-25 bond in the insulin B-chain, followed by the 5-His-|-Leu-6 bond. Inactivates endothelin-1, primarily by cleavage of the 5-Ser-|-Leu-6 and 16-His-|-Leu-17 bonds. Hydrolyzes the alpha chain of C3 to generate a C3b-like protein. Inhibits complement-mediated hemolysis and opsinization of bacteria. Hydrolyzes the insect antimicrobial peptide cecropin. Decreases the length of E.faecalis chains via the activation of autolysin. Degrades polymerized fibrin.

The physiological role of BioH is to remove the methyl group introduced by BioC when the pimeloyl moiety is complete. It allows to synthesize pimeloyl-ACP via the fatty acid synthetic pathway through the hydrolysis of the ester bonds of pimeloyl-ACP esters. E.coli employs a methylation and demethylation strategy to allow elongation of a temporarily disguised malonate moiety to a pimelate moiety by the fatty acid synthetic enzymes. BioH shows a preference for short chain fatty acid esters (acyl chain length of up to 6 carbons) and short chain p-nitrophenyl esters. Also displays a weak thioesterase activity. Can form a complex with CoA, and may be involved in the condensation of CoA and pimelic acid into pimeloyl-CoA, a precursor in biotin biosynthesis.; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the methyl ester bond of dimethylbutyryl-S-methyl mercaptopropionate (DMB-S-MMP) to yield dimethylbutyryl mercaptopropionic acid (DMBS-MPA) during the biocatalytic conversion of simvastin acid from monacolin J acid. Can also use acyl carriers such as dimethylbutyryl-S-ethyl mercaptopropionate (DMB-S-EMP) and dimethylbutyryl-S-methyl thioglycolate (DMB-S-MTG) as the thioester substrates.

Kallikrein-1 (KLK1) is a member of human tissue Kallikrein family. Human KLK1 precursor contains a singal peptide (residues 1 to 18), a short pro peptide (residues 19 to 24) and a mature chain (residues 25 to 262). The function of KLK1 is to cleave Kininogen in order to release the vasoactive Kinin peptide (Lysyl-Bradykinin or Bradykinin). The Kinin peptide controls blood pressure reduction, vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation and contraction, pain induction and inflammation. KLK1 also plays a role in angiogensis and tumorigenesis.

Glucosylceramidase that catalyzes, within the lysosomal compartment, the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide/GlcCer into free ceramide and glucose. Thereby, plays a central role in the degradation of complex lipids and the turnover of cellular membranes. Through the production of ceramides, participates in the PKC-activated salvage pathway of ceramide formation. Also plays a role in cholesterol metabolism. May either catalyze the glucosylation of cholesterol, through a transglucosylation reaction that transfers glucose from glucosylceramide to cholesterol. The short chain saturated C8:0-GlcCer and the mono-unsaturated C18:0-GlcCer being the most effective glucose donors for that transglucosylation reaction. Under specific conditions, may alternatively catalyze the reverse reaction, transferring glucose from cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside to ceramide. Finally, may also hydrolyze cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside to produce D-glucose and cholesterol.

L-Lactate Dehydrogenase B Chain (LDH-B) is a member of the lactate dehydrogenase family that consists of three members, LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C; members of this family function as powerful markers for germ cell tumors. LDH-B is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. It converts pyruvate to lactate when oxygen is absent or in short supply and it performs the reverse reaction during the Cori cycle in the liver. It is also called Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase (HBD) due to its ability to catalyze the oxidation of hydroxybutyrate.

D-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase Mitochondrial (BDH) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. BDH is localized in the mitochondrion matrix. BDH forms a homotetrameric lipid-requiring enzyme of the mitochondrial membrane and has a specific necessity for phosphatidylcholine for optimal enzymatic activity. BDH catalyzes the interconversion of acetoacetate and (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, the 2 main ketone bodies formed during fatty acid catabolism.

Receptor for medium-chain free fatty acid (FFA) with carbon chain lengths of C9 to C14. Capric acid (C10:0), undecanoic acid (C11:0) and lauric acid (C12:0) are the most potent agonists. Not activated by short-chain and long-chain saturated and unsaturated FFAs. Activation by medium-chain free fatty acid is coupled to a pertussis toxin sensitive G(i/o) protein pathway. May have important roles in processes from fatty acid metabolism to regulation of the immune system. GPR84 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in yeast with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.2 kDa and the accession number is Q9NQS5.

Hydrolyzes short- and long-chain N-acyl homoserine lactones with or without 3-oxo substitution at C3. Has slight activity towards L-homoserine lactone, and no activity towards gamma-butyrolactone. AIIM Protein, Microbacterium testaceum, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43.3 kDa and the accession number is C6L862.

CBR3, also known as hCBR3, belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. CBR3 is expressed in ovary, pancreas, intestine, colon, kidney, brain, thymus, lung, heart, liver, spleen, leukocyte, prostate and testis. It is a monomeric NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase and is closely linked to another carbonyl reductase gene – CBR1. CBR3 catalyzes the reduction of a large number of biologically and pharmacologically active carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols. It has low NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase activity towards 4-benzoylpyridine and menadione (in vitro).

Dihydropteridine reductase, also known as HDHPR and Quinoid dihydropteridine reductase, QDPR and DHPR, belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. QDPR exists as a homodimer. QDPR is part of the pathway that recycles a substance called tetrahydrobiopterin, also known as BH4 and tryptophan hydroxylases. The regeneration of this substance is critical for the proper processing of several other amino acids in the body. Tetrahydrobiopterin also helps produce certain chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters, which transmit signals between nerve cells. Defects in QDPR are the cause of BH4-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia type C (HPABH4C) which is a rare autosomal recessive disorder and is lethal.

3-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase Type 2 belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 3-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase Type 2 may play an important role in the peripheral utilization of 3-hydroxybutyrate. The cytoplasmic localization with its high ratio of oxidized NAD+, the NAD+ dependence and the kinetic parameters of 3-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase Type 2 make it suitable to conbert high levels of circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate into acetoacetate.

Collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain, also known as endothelial collagen, C3orf7 and COL8A1, can be cleaved into vastatin chain. COL8A1 is a short chain collagen and a major component of the basement membrane of the corneal endothelium. COL8A1 forms homotrimers, or heterotrimers in association with alpha 2(VIII) type collagens. Four homotrimers can form a tetrhedron stabilized by central interacting C-terminal NC1 trimers. COL8A1 contains one C1q domain and is primarily expressed in the subendothelium of large blood vessels. The expression level can be up-regulated during vascular injury, in atherosclerosis and in diabetes. COL8A1 may have a role in the maintenance of vessel wall integrity and structure, in particular in atherogenesis.

Glucosylceramidase that catalyzes, within the lysosomal compartment, the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide/GlcCer into free ceramide and glucose. Thereby, plays a central role in the degradation of complex lipids and the turnover of cellular membranes. Through the production of ceramides, participates in the PKC-activated salvage pathway of ceramide formation. Also plays a role in cholesterol metabolism. May either catalyze the glucosylation of cholesterol, through a transglucosylation reaction that transfers glucose from glucosylceramide to cholesterol. The short chain saturated C8:0-GlcCer and the mono-unsaturated C18:0-GlcCer being the most effective glucose donors for that transglucosylation reaction. Under specific conditions, may alternatively catalyze the reverse reaction, transferring glucose from cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside to ceramide. Finally, may also hydrolyze cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside to produce D-glucose and cholesterol.

DCXR, also known as HCR2, belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. It is highly expressed in kidney, liver and epididymis. In the epididymis, DCXR is mainly expressed in the proximal and distal sections of the corpus region. HCR2 is weakly or not expressed in brain, lung, heart, spleen and testis. DCXR catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of several pentoses, tetroses, trioses, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and L-xylulose. DCXR participates in the uronate cycle of glucose metabolism. It may play a role in the water absorption and cellular osmoregulation in the proximal renal tubules by producing xylitol, an osmolyte, thereby preventing osmolytic stress from occurring in the renal tubules.