hydrophobic

Perfluamine (FTPA) is a hydrophobic carrier fluid and can be used as a blood substitute.

Pivagabine (CXB-722), a hydrophobic 4-aminobutyric acid derivative, exhibits neuromodulatory activity and successfully penetrates the blood-brain barrier in rats. It counteracts the impact of foot shock on GABAA receptor function and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) levels in the rat brain.

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin) is a macrocyclic compound utilized as a solubilizer for hydrophobic substances in biological studies, and serves as a lipid raft inhibitor with cholesterol-lowering and potential antitumor activities.

NDSB-211 is a surfactant with small hydrophobic ends and mildly solubilizes proteins for protein extraction and analysis.

γ-Hexalactone (γ-caprolactone) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, Gamma-caprolactone is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Gamma-Caprolactone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Gamma-Caprolactone exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, Gamma-caprolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as potato, cereals and cereal products, pomes, alcoholic beverages, and fruits. This could make Gamma-caprolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone is occasionally found as a volatile component of human urine. In some cases differences up to an order of magnitude are observed. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone has been found in the polar fraction of human blood. Biological fluids such as blood and urine have been shown to contain a large number of components, some of them volatiles (low boiling point) apparently present in all individuals, while others such are much more variable. Although some of these changes may have dietary origins, others seem to be characteristic of the individual.

4-Pentenoic acid, also known as allyl acetic acid or 4-pentenate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as straight chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with a straight aliphatic chain. 4-Pentenoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practi

BMS-202 (PD1-PDL1 inhibitor 2) is an inhibitor of the PD-1 (Programmed death- 1) PD-Ll (Programmed death-ligand 1) protein protein interaction.

Polymyxin B nonapeptide, a cationic cyclic peptide derived by enzymatic processing from the naturally occurring peptide polymyxin B, is able to increase the permeability of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria toward hydrophobic antibiotics probab

MitoBloCK-11 (MB-11) is a s mall molecule inhibitor of mitochondrial protein import possibly acts through transport protein Seo1, but not Tom70 or Tom20; inhibits precursor proteins that contain hydrophobic segments, confers growth in media lacking uracil in a specific manner and affects zebrafish development.

Bractoppin is a drug-like inhibitor of phosphopeptide recognition by the human BRCA1 tandem (t)BRCT domain (IC50 = 0.074 μM), which selectively inhibits substrate binding with nanomolar potency in vitro. Structure-activity exploration suggests that Bractoppin engages BRCA1 tBRCT residues recognizing pSer in the consensus motif, pSer-Pro-Thr-Phe, plus an abutting hydrophobic pocket that is distinct in structurally related BRCT domains, conferring selectivity.

BVDV-IN-1 is a non-nucleoside inhibitor (NNI) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) with an EC50 of 1.8 μM, directly binding to a hydrophobic pocket of the BVDV RdRp, and demonstrating antiviral activity against BVDV resistant to NNI thiosemicarbazone (TSC).

α-Synuclein (61-95) (human) constitutes the hydrophobic core of α-synuclein and is implicated in inducing neuronal cell death. This segment is utilized in the study of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) [1] [2].

α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) is a saccharide comprised of six glucose subunits linked by α-1,4 bonds, which results in a cone-shaped molecule.1It contains a hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior, which allow it to form inclusion complexes with wide variety of molecules, conferring enhanced solubility and stabilization to the molecules. α-CD has commonly been used in the separation and purification of chemicals on an industrial scale.1,2Formulations containing α-CD have been used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the physical and chemical properties of compounds, the food industry as flavor carriers and stabilizers in processed and ultra-processed foods and certain beverages, as well as in other industrial applications. 1.Li, S., and Purdy, W.C.Cyclodextrins and their applications in analytical chemistryChem. Rev.92(6)1457-1470(1992) 2.Astray, G., Gonazalez-Barreiro, C., Mejuto, J.C., et al.A review on the use of cyclodextrins in foodsFood Hydrocolloids23(7)1631-1640(2009)

C13-113-tetra tail, a cationic lipid-like compound, features a polar amino alcohol head group, a tertiary amine linker, and four hydrophobic carbon-13 tails. It can be formulated into a lipid nanoparticle (LNP).

C13-112-tri-tail, a cationic lipid-like compound, features a polar amino alcohol head group, three hydrophobic 13-carbon tails, and a PEG2 linker, allowing for formulation into lipid nanoparticles (LNP).

HC-3 inhibits ChoK by binding at the conserved hydrophobic groove on the C-terminal lobe.

Disoxaril (BRN 3626820, WIN 51711) is an anti-picornavirus agent that inhibits enterovirus replication by binding to a hydrophobic bag within the VP1 coat protein, thereby stabilizing virions and preventing their uncoating. When used in combination with A

12-Doxyl stearic acid, a derivative of stearic acid featuring a 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxazolinyloxy (DOXYL) group, functions as a hydrophobic spin label. This compound is prevalently utilized in research to investigate the molecular characteristics of membranes and hydrophobic proteins.

18-Azido-stearic acid is a click chemistry reagent containing an azido group. It serves as a hydrophobic bioconjugation linker (utilizing N-myristoyltransferase) and can be further modified at the azido position through click chemistry.

LL-K9-3, a selective hydrophobic tagging technology (HyT)-based degrader, specifically targets the CDK9-cyclin T1 complex, displaying DC50 values of 589 nM for cyclin T1 and 662 nM for CDK9. This compound consists of the CDK9 inhibitor, SNS 032, linked to a hydrophobic tag via a glycol linker. Notably, LL-K9-3 does not affect the degradation of other CDKs (CDK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7). Tested in 22RV1 cells, it effectively reduces androgen receptor (AR) and cMyc expression by inducing the selective and synchronous degradation of CDK9 and cyclin T1.

Rad 242 is a hydrophobic lidocaine derivative.

C13-112-tetra-tail, a cationic lipid-like compound, features a polar amino alcohol head group, four hydrophobic C13 tails, and a PEG2 linker, making it suitable for formulation into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs).

Diclofenac methyl ester is a hydrophobic prodrug form of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac . It is more soluble than diclofenac acid in isopropylmyristate. Diclofenac methyl ester does not permeate human epidermal membranes in vitro.

SN50M (NF-κB Control) is a synthetic peptide containing a hydrophobic region and a mutant nuclear localization sequence that enters cells but does not inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation or induce apoptosis.

CAY10679, an anionic oligopeptide-based bola-amphiphile, features a central hexane segment bordered by a glycylglycine group at each end, establishing pronounced hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. This amphiphilic peptide's propensity for self-assembling into microtubes in aqueous acidic solutions has been explored. Such bola-amphiphiles hold significant potential in the development of nanotubes, nanovesicles, nanowires, and nanocarriers for drug delivery, among various bionanotechnology applications.

Phospholipid-PEG-Biotin (MW 5000), a derivative of phospholipid PEG, serves to modify the surfaces of liposomes, cells, and pancreatic islets for cell transplantation. This compound incorporates a phospholipid (a lipid featuring a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails ), PEG (a hydrophilic, water-soluble polymer with low toxicity), and Biotin (an enzyme co-factor useful for protein labeling) [1].

α-Glucosidase-IN-28 (Compound 18) is an α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.62 μM and Ki of 3.93 μM, interacting with the enzyme's original binding site (OBS) and forming multiple hydrophobic interactions with adjacent amino acids. This compound is used in diabetes and related diseases research [1].

Antifungal agent 40 inhibits C. alb. CYP51 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) by extending into the narrow hydrophobic pocket II, thereby affecting biofilm formation.

Amyloid-Forming peptide GNNQQNY, a biologically active heptapeptide derived from the N-terminal prion-determining domain of yeast Sup35, is instrumental in amyloid fibril formation. Its atomic oligomeric structure has been detailed, serving as an excellent model for investigating early-stage aggregation. The peptide can form three stable β-sheet structures: in-register parallel, off-register parallel, and anti-parallel. Notably, the in-register parallel dimer aligns closely with amyloid β-sheet architecture, relying on fewer interpeptide hydrogen bonds and emphasizing hydrophobic interactions, which enhances conformational entropy relative to the anti-parallel arrangement.

MBD, a novel fluorescent probe (7-(p-Methoxybenzylamino)-4-nitrobenz-2,1,3-oxadiazole), is utilized to study the conformation of protein and nucleoprotein. Its application is extended to bacterial ribosomes, as well as bovine trypsinogen and trypsin. MBD exhibits significant fluorescence when it binds to the hydrophobic region of macromolecules [1][2].

BRD4 Inhibitor-18 is a potent BRD4 inhibitor (IC50: 110 nM) with a hydrophobic acetylcyclopentane side chain. BRD4 Inhibitor-18 significantly reduces the proliferation of MV-4-11 cells with high BRD4 levels, inhibits G0/G1 cycle activity, and promotes apoptosis. The inhibition of G0/G1 cycle activity and apoptosis were also observed.

fStAx-35R TFA is a hydrophobic carbon chain-stabilized peptide that inhibits the Wnt β-catenin signaling pathway by disrupting the β-catenin-TCF interaction. This compound is utilized in cancer research.

GNF-6 (Compound 14), an ATP competitive inhibitor, inhibits the gatekeeper threonine residue mutation of BCR-ABL-T315I with IC50 values of 0.25 μM for c-ABL-T334I, 0.09 μM for BCR-ABL, and 0.590 μM for BCR-ABL-T315I variants. It disrupts the assembly of the hydrophobic spine (a network of hydrophobic interactions), locking the kinase in an inactive 'DFG-out' conformation [1].

10-Undecynoyl-OSu is a click chemistry reagent utilized as a hydrophobic bioconjugation agent, allowing for further modification on the alkyne using Click-chemistry.

[Leu27]-Melan-A, MART-1 (26-35), is a biologically active peptide modified by substituting leucine for alanine at position 27, which enhances its HLA-A*0201 binding, immunogenicity, and antigenicity compared to the natural peptide. Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides, arising from the spontaneous cyclization of glutamine (Q) or glutamic acid (E) at the N-terminus, are a recognized subset of peptides that may confer increased stability due to the hydrophobic γ-lactam ring of pGlu. These pGlu peptides are typically included during peptide purity assessments in HPLC analysis.

α-Glucosidase-IN-32 (compound f26) is a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase that is orally active with an IC50 of 3.07 μM. It forms a complex with α-glucosidase via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, inducing conformational and secondary structure changes that inhibit the enzyme's activity. This compound is utilized in diabetic disease research [1].

H-Arg-OtBu (dihydrochloride) is a membrane-targeting antimicrobial that interacts with the negatively charged bacterial membrane through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, making it useful for bacterial infection disease research [1].

CM121 is a reversible inhibitor of ALDH1A2 that acts specifically on the active site, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.54 μM and a Kd of 1.1 μM. It exerts its inhibitory effect through multiple hydrophobic interactions.

5-Benzyloxygramine is an N protein PPI orthosteric stabilizer that exhibits both antiviral and N-NTD protein-stabilizing activities. It stabilizes the N-NTD dimers through simultaneous hydrophobic interactions with both partners, resulting in abnormal N protein oligomerization, which was further confirmed in cell studies[1]. [1]. Shan-Meng Lin, et al. Structure-Based Stabilization of Non-native Protein-Protein Interactions of Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins in Antiviral Drug Design. J Med Chem. 2020 Mar 26;63(6):3131-3141.

EE epitope, a biologically active peptide, is a fragment (314 to 319 amino acids) of the middle T antigen from mouse polyomavirus and is frequently utilized as an epitope tag. Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides, which can arise spontaneously at the N-terminus from either Glutamine (Q) or Glutamic acid (E), are recognized for potentially enhancing peptide stability through the hydrophobic γ-lactam ring of pGlu, particularly against gastrointestinal proteases. Such peptides, as a normal variant, are accounted for within peptide purity assessments during HPLC analysis.

Decylene glycol is used as an antimicrobial agent in cosmetics. It also suppresses the fluidity of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the phospholipid membrane of liposomes.

N-Me-L-Ala-maytansinol used for making antibody-drug conjugate (ADC),is a hydrophobic, cell permeable payload.

Catestatin TFA, a 21-amino acid residue peptide, exhibits both cationic and hydrophobic properties. This endogenous peptide plays a crucial role in regulating cardiac function and blood pressure. It functions as a non-competitive nicotinic antagonist by interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to inhibit catecholamine release.

EGFR AURKB-IN-1 (compound 7) serves as a dual inhibitor targeting EGFR AURKB, effectively inhibiting the phosphorylations of L858R EGFR and AURKB with IC50 values of 0.07 and 1.1, respectively. The compound engages with the hydrophobic region I or the αC-helix out pocket of EGFR and the back pocket of AURKB. This binding action suppresses tumor cell growth, division, and metastasis, making it a valuable agent for cancer research [1].

C18-HSL is one of four lipophilic, long acyl side-chain-bearing N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) produced by the LuxI AHL synthase homolog SinI, involved in quorum sensing signaling in S. meliloti, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of the legume [M. sativa]. C18-HSL and other hydrophobic AHLs tend to localize in relatively lipophilic cellular environments and cannot diffuse freely through the cell membrane. These long-chain N-acylhomoserine lactones may be exported from cells by efflux pumps or transported between communicating cells via extracellular outer membrane vesicles. Quorum sensing, a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to cell density, manifests in phenotypes such as biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers, including AHLs, which vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of carbon-carbon double bonds, conferring signal specificity through LuxR family transcriptional regulators. Regulation of bacterial quorum sensing signaling to inhibit pathogenesis represents a novel approach to antimicrobial therapy in treating infectious diseases.

Gramicidin A is a peptide antibiotic isolated from B. brevis.Gramicidin A is a highly hydrophobic channel-forming ion carrier that forms monovalent cation-permeable channels in artificial membranes.Gramicidin A induces the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and reduces the growth of a mouse xenograft model of human renal cell carcinoma. Gramicidin A has antibacterial, antimalarial and hemolytic activities.

Influenza NP (311-325) is a biologically active peptide consisting of amino acids 311 to 325 from the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP). As a bona fide MHC class II-restricted epitope, it is critical for studying host immune responses during viral infection, inducing robust gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in intracellular cytokine assays without stimulating CD8 T-cells in mice. The presence of Glutamine (Q) or Glutamic acid (E) at the N-terminus can lead to spontaneous formation of Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides, enhancing peptide stability against gastrointestinal proteases. These peptides are considered a normal variant and included in peptide purity measurements in HPLC analysis.

CU-6PM is a new fluorescent RXR agonist. CU-6PMN was designed based on the fact that umbelliferone emits strong fluorescence in a hydrophilic environment, but the fluorescence intensity decreases in hydrophobic environments such as the interior of proteins. The developed assay CU-6PMN enabled screening of rexinoids to be performed easily within a few hours by monitoring changes of fluorescence intensity with widely available fluorescence microplate readers, without the need for processes such as filtration.