retinoid x receptors

Oxybenzone is a UV filter commonly used in tanning and skin protection agents. It is a derivative of benzophenone and is used as an endocrine disrupting chemical that penetrates the placental and blood-brain barriers. It impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status and disrupts vitamin X-like receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.

Magnolol (5,5'-Diallyl-2,2'-biphenyldiol) is a dual agonist of RXRα( EC50=10.4 μM) and PPARγ(EC50=17.7 μM). It blocks TNF-α-induced NF-KB activation.

Tamibarotene (Amnolake) is an orally active, synthetic retinoid, developed to overcome all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) resistance, with potential antineoplastic activity.

Acitretin (Ro 10-1670) is a second-generation systemic retinoid used in the treatment of psoriasis.

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a natural agonist of the retinoic acid receptor RAR and inhibits RARα β γ (IC50=14 nM). Retinoic acid induces cellular differentiation, reduces cellular proliferation, and inhibits tumorigenesis.

Adapalene (CD271) is a dual RAR and RXR agonist, utilized in the treatment of skin conditions.

Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which act as transcription factors that promote cell differentiation and apoptosis. This naturally occurring retinoic acid has potential antineoplastic activity, exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, thereby decreasing polyamine synthesis and keratinization.

Bexarotene (LGD1069) is a retinoid analogue that is used to treat the skin manifestations of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).

AR7 is a retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) antagonist.

Tazarotene (Zorac) is a synthetic, topical retinoid. Tazarotene induces the expression of tazarotene-induced gene 3 (TIG3), a tumor suppressor gene. In psoriasis, tazarotene normalizes abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and reduces their hyperproliferation.

WYC-209 inhibits proliferation of malignant murine melanoma tumor-repopulating cells (TRCs, IC50: 0.19 uM). It targets the retinoic acid receptor (RAR).

LG-100064 is an agonist of retinoid-X-receptor (RXR)(EC50s of 330 nM, 200 nM, and 260 nM for RXRα, RXRβ and RXRγ)

Trifarotene (CD5789) is a potent and selective RARγ agonist, exhibiting 65-fold and 16-fold selectivity for RARγ (EC50=7.7 nM) over RARα (EC50=500 nM) and RARβ (EC50=125 nM).

Amsilarotene (TAC101) inhibits the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (RB) and increases the presence of 2 cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitors resulting in cell cycle arrest. This agent also causes a cytotoxic decline in the thymidylate synthase and cyclin A expression.

BMS453 (BMS-189453), a synthetic retinoid, is a potent and selective agonist of RARβ and a potent testicular toxin. BMS453 inhibits breast cell growth predominantly through the induction of active TGFβ.

Talarozole (R115866) is an oral systemic all-trans retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA) that inhibits CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 with IC50s of 5.4 and 0.46 nM, respectively, for treating acne, psoriasis, and other keratinization disorders.

CD437 (AHPN) is a specifc Retinoic Acid Receptor γ (RARγ) agonist.

Liarozole (R75251 dihydrochloride) is a cytochrome P450 (CYP450) dependent inhibitor, orally active, it also a potent inhibitor of estrogen (via inhibition of aromatase) and testicular androgen synthesis (inhibition of 17 ,20-lyase).Liarozole dihydrochloride is an imidazole derivative; it is being investigated as a non-hormonal agent in prostate cancer and in the treatment of various other cancers and skin disorders.

V-125 is an agonist of retinoid X receptors.

LG100268 is an effective and selective rexinoid and retinoid-X receptor agonist. LG100268 binds to the α, β, and γ RXR receptors (IC50 = 3-4 nM).

UVI 3003 is a highly selective antagonist of the retinoid X receptor, inhibiting Xenopus and human RXRα in Cos7 cells with IC50 values of 0.22 μM and 0.24 μM, respectively.

AGN 193109 is a potent antagonist of retinoic acid receptors (RARs; Kd= 2, 2, and 3 nM for RARα, β, and γ, respectively), exhibiting selectivity for RARs over retinoid X receptors (RXRs; Kd= >10,000 nM for human RXRα, β, and γ receptors). This compound effectively reverses cellular morphology changes and growth suppression induced by RAR agonists such as all-trans-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9-cis-RA in ECE16-1 human endometrial ectocervical epithelial cells, particularly when used at a 10-fold molar excess. Furthermore, AGN 193109 downregulates the expression of cytokeratin K5-8, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 19 genes, indicating inhibition of retinoid action, specifically when co-administered with TTNPB but not as a standalone treatment. In vivo studies demonstrate teratogenic effects, including cleft palate, frontonasal dysplasia, and eye malformations in mouse fetuses following a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg.

Palovarotene (Ro 3300074) is an agonist of nuclear retinoic acid receptor γ (RAR-γ).

AM580 (CD336) is a retinoic acid receptor agonist that is selective for RARα( IC50 : 8 nM )

CAY10771 is a dual agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ).1It activates FXR and PPARδ in reporter assays using HEK293T cells (EC50s = 0.94 and 1.5 μM, respectively) and is selective for these receptors over retinoic acid receptor α (RARα), retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), PPARα, PPARγ, and liver X receptor α (LXRα) at 10 μM. 1.Schierle, S., Neumann, S., Heitel, P., et al.Design and structural optimization of dual FXR/PPARδ activatorsJ. Med. Chem.63(15)8369-8379(2020)

LY2955303 is an effective and selective antagonist of retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ, Ki = 1.09 nM).

AGN 193109, a retinoid analog, is a potent and specific antagonist of RARs (Kds: 2 nM, 2 nM, and 3 nM for RARα, RARβ, and RARγ).

Peretinoin (NIK333) is an oral acyclic retinoid with a vitamin A-like structure that targets retinoid nuclear receptors such as RXR and RAR.

6-Hydroxy Bexarotene, an oxidative metabolite of bexarotene, serves as a high-affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs), specifically binding to RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ, as well as to the retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) with dissociation constants (Kds) of 3.46, 4.21, 4.83, and 8.17 μM, respectively. It demonstrates selective activation of RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ over RARα, RARβ, and RARγ in vitro, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 398, 356, 420, 4,414, 2,121, and 2,043 nM, respectively.

HX 531 is a RXR antagonist (IC50 of 18 nM). HX 531 prevents HF diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes by reducing tissue TG content in white adipose tissue (WAT), skeletal muscle, and liver in mice.

SR11237 is a Pan retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist. SR11237 causes RXR/RXR homodimers to form and transactivate a reporter gene containing a RXR-response element.

TTNPB (Ro 13-7410,AGN-191183), a potent RAR agonist, inhibits binding of [3H]tRA of human RARα (IC50: 5.1 nM), β (IC50: 4.5 nM), and γ (IC50: 9.3 nM), respectively.

Fenretinide (4-HPR) is an orally-active synthetic retinoid derivative with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities.

Bigelovin is a selective retinoid X receptor α agonist. Bigelovin suppresses tumor growth through inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the inhibition of mTOR pathway regulated by ROS generation.It is also known as a potent cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone from Inula sp.

Tarenflurbil ((R)-Flurbiprofen) is the non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting R-enantiomer of the NSAID flurbiprofen, evaluated as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.