Ectoine (L-Ectoine) is an osmoprotectant in a variety of microorganisms including halophilic and heterotrophic bacteria and non-halophilic bacteria such as the Streptomyces species, as well as E.coli.

1. Prunetin (Prunusetin) significantly reduces serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and mortality in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. 2. Prunetin mediates anti-obesity/adipogenesis effects by suppressing obesity-related transcription through a feedback mechanism that regulates the expression of adiponectin, adipoR1, adipoR2, and AMPK. 3. Prunetin and biochanin A are potent reducers of NF-κB and ERK activation, zonula occludens 1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and metalloproteinase-mediated shedding activity, which may account for the barrier-improving ability of these isoflavones. 4. Prunetin significantly suppresses ATP-induced mucin secretion from cultured RTSE cells; Prunetin inhibits the production of MUC5AC mucin protein induced by EGF or PMA from NCI-H292 cells; Prunetin also inhibits the expression of MUC5AC mucin gene induced by EGF or PMA from NCI-H292 cells.